Facial reconstruction

Search LJMU Research Online

Browse Repository | Browse E-Theses

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Mishra, A, Zhou, B, Rodriguez-Martinez, A, Bixby, H, Singleton, RK, Carrillo-Larco, RM, Sheffer, KE, Paciorek, CJ, Bennett, JE, Lhoste, V, Iurilli, MLC, Di Cesare, M, Bentham, J, Phelps, NH, Sophiea, MK, Stevens, GA, Danaei, G, Cowan, MJ, Savin, S, Riley, LM , Gregg, EW, Aekplakorn, W, Ahmad, NA, Baker, JL, Chirita-Emandi, A, Farzadfar, F, Fink, G, Heinen, M, Ikeda, N, Kengne, AP, Khang, Y-H, Laatikainen, T, Laxmaiah, A, Ma, J, Monroy-Valle, M, Mridha, MK, Padez, CP, Reynolds, A, Sorić, M, Starc, G, Wirth, JP, Abarca-Gómez, L, Abdeen, ZA, Abdrakhmanova, S, Ghaffar, SA, Abdul Rahim, HF, Abdurrahmonova, Z, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Garba, JA, Acosta-Cazares, B, Adam, I, Adamczyk, M, Adams, RJ, Adu-Afarwuah, S, Afsana, K, Afzal, S, Agbor, VN, Agdeppa, IA, Aghazadeh-Attari, J, Aguenaou, H, Aguilar-Salinas, CA, Agyemang, C, Ahmad, MH, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, N, Ahmadi, N, Ahmed, I, Ahmed, SH, Ahrens, W, Aitmurzaeva, G, Ajlouni, K, Al-Hazzaa, HM, Al-Lahou, B, Al-Raddadi, R, Al Hourani, HM, Al Qaoud, NM, Alarouj, M, AlBuhairan, F, AlDhukair, S, Aldwairji, MA, Alexius, S, Ali, MM, Alkandari, A, Alkerwi, A, Alkhatib, BM, Allin, K, Alvarez-Pedrerol, M, Aly, E, Amarapurkar, DN, Etxezarreta, PA, Amoah, J, Amougou, N, Amouyel, P, Andersen, LB, Anderssen, SA, Androutsos, O, Ängquist, L, Anjana, RM, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anufrieva, E, Aounallah-Skhiri, H, Araújo, J, Ariansen, I, Aris, T, Arku, RE, Arlappa, N, Aryal, KK, Aseffa, N, Aspelund, T, Assah, FK, Assembekov, B, Assunção, MCF, Aung, MS, Auvinen, J, Avdičová, M, Avi, S, Azevedo, A, Azimi-Nezhad, M, Azizi, F, Azmin, M, Babu, BV, Jørgensen, MB, Baharudin, A, Bahijri, S, Bakacs, M, Balakrishna, N, Balanova, Y, Bamoshmoosh, M, Banach, M, Banegas, JR, Baran, J, Baran, R, Barbagallo, CM, Filho, VB, Barceló, A, Baretić, M, Barkat, A, Barnoya, J, Barrera, L, Barreto, M, Barros, AJD, Barros, MVG, Bartosiewicz, A, Basit, A, Bastos, JLD, Bata, I, Batieha, AM, Batista, AP, Batista, RL, Battakova, Z, Baur, LA, Bayauli, PM, Beaglehole, R, Bel-Serrat, S, Belavendra, A, Ben Romdhane, H, Benedics, J, Benet, M, Rolandi, GEB, Bere, E, Bergh, IH, Berhane, Y, Berkinbayev, S, Bernabe-Ortiz, A, Bernotiene, G, Carrasola, XB, Bettiol, H, Beutel, ME, Beybey, AF, Bezerra, J, Bhagyalaxmi, A, Bharadwaj, S, Bhargava, SK, Bi, H, Bi, Y, Bia, D, Biasch, K, Lele, ECB, Bikbov, MM, Bista, B, Bjelica, DJ, Bjerregaard, AA, Bjerregaard, P, Bjertness, E, Bjertness, MB, Björkelund, C, Bloch, KV, Blokstra, A, Magnazu, MB, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Boddy, LM, Boehm, BO, Boer, JMA, Boggia, JG, Bogova, E, Boissonnet, CP, Bojesen, SE, Bonaccio, M, Bongard, V, Bonilla-Vargas, A, Bopp, M, Borghs, H, Bovet, P, Boymatova, K, Braeckevelt, L, Braeckman, L, Bragt, MCE, Brajkovich, I, Branca, F, Breckenkamp, J, Breda, J, Brenner, H, Brewster, LM, Brian, GR, Briceño, Y, Brinduse, L, Brito, M, Brophy, S, Brug, J, Bruno, G, Bugge, A, Buntinx, F, Buoncristiano, M, Burazeri, G, Burns, C, de León, AC, Cacciottolo, J, Cai, H, Caixeta, RB, Cama, T, Cameron, C, Camolas, J, Can, G, Cândido, APC, Cañete, F, Capanzana, MV, Čapková, N, Capuano, E, Capuano, R, Capuano, V, Cardol, M, Cardoso, VC, Carlsson, AC, Carmuega, E, Carvalho, J, Casajús, JA, Casanueva, FF, Casas, M, Celikcan, E, Censi, L, Cervantes‐Loaiza, M, Cesar, JA, Chamukuttan, S, Chan, A, Chan, Q, Chaturvedi, HK, Chaturvedi, N, Rahim, NCA, Chee, ML, Chen, C-J, Chen, F, Chen, H, Chen, S, Chen, Z, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, YJ, Cheraghian, B, Chetrit, A, Chikova-Iscener, E, Chinapaw, MJM, Chinnock, A, Chiolero, A, Chiou, S-T, Chirlaque, M-D, Cho, B, Christensen, K, Christofaro, DG, Chudek, J, Cifkova, R, Cilia, M, Cinteza, E, Cirillo, M, Claessens, F, Clarke, J, Clays, E, Cohen, E, Compañ-Gabucio, L-M, Concin, H, Confortin, SC, Cooper, C, Coppinger, TC, Corpeleijn, E, Cortés, LY, Costanzo, S, Cottel, D, Cowell, C, Craig, CL, Crampin, AC, Cross, AJ, Crujeiras, AB, Cruz, JJ, Csányi, T, Csilla, S, Cucu, AM, Cui, L, Cureau, FV, Cuschieri, S, Czenczek-Lewandowska, E, D’Arrigo, G, d’Orsi, E, Dacica, L, Dallongeville, J, Damasceno, A, Damsgaard, CT, Dankner, R, Dantoft, TM, Dasgupta, P, Dastgiri, S, Dauchet, L, Davletov, K, de Assis, MAA, De Backer, G, De Bacquer, D, De Curtis, A, de Fragas Hinnig, P, de Gaetano, G, De Henauw, S, De Miguel-Etayo, P, de Oliveira, PD, De Ridder, D, De Ridder, K, de Rooij, SR, De Smedt, D, Deepa, M, Deev, AD, DeGennaro, V, Delisle, H, Delpeuch, F, Demarest, S, Dennison, E, Dereń, K, Deschamps, V, Dhimal, M, Di Castelnuovo, A, Dias-da-Costa, JS, Díaz-Sánchez, ME, Diaz, A, Fernández, PD, Ripollés, MPD, Dika, Z, Djalalinia, S, Djordjic, V, Do, HTP, Dobson, AJ, Dominguez, L, Donati, MB, Donfrancesco, C, Dong, G, Dong, Y, Donoso, SP, Döring, A, Dorobantu, M, Dorosty, AR, Doua, K, Dragano, N, Drygas, W, Duan, JL, Duante, CA, Duboz, P, Duleva, VL, Dulskiene, V, Dumith, SC, Dushpanova, A, Dyussupova, A, Dzerve, V, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E, Echeverría, G, Eddie, R, Eftekhar, E, Egbagbe, EE, Eggertsen, R, Eghtesad, S, Eiben, G, Ekelund, U, El-Khateeb, M, El Ammari, L, El Ati, J, Eldemire-Shearer, D, Eliasen, M, Elliott, P, Endevelt, R, Engle-Stone, R, Erasmus, RT, Erbel, R, Erem, C, Ergor, G, Eriksen, L, Eriksson, JG, Escobedo-de la Peña, J, Eslami, S, Esmaeili, A, Evans, A, Faeh, D, Fakhradiyev, I, Fakhretdinova, AA, Fall, CH, Faramarzi, E, Farjam, M, Sant’Angelo, VF, Fattahi, MR, Fawwad, A, Fawzi, WW, Feigl, E, Felix-Redondo, FJ, Ferguson, TS, Fernandes, RA, Fernández-Bergés, D, Ferrante, D, Ferrao, T, Ferrari, G, Ferrari, M, Ferrario, MM, Ferreccio, C, Ferreira, HS, Ferrer, E, Ferrieres, J, Figueiró, TH, Fijalkowska, A, Fisberg, M, Fischer, K, Foo, LH, Forsner, M, Fouad, HM, Francis, DK, do Carmo Franco, M, Fras, Z, Frontera, G, Fuchs, FD, Fuchs, SC, Fujiati, II, Fujita, Y, Fumihiko, M, Furdela, V, Furusawa, T, Gaciong, Z, Gafencu, M, Cuesta, MG, Galbarczyk, A, Galenkamp, H, Galeone, D, Galfo, M, Galvano, F, Gao, J, Gao, P, Garcia-de-la-Hera, M, Mérida, MJG, Solano, MG, Gareta, D, Garnett, SP, Gaspoz, J-M, Gasull, M, Gaya, ACA, Gaya, AR, Gazzinelli, A, Gehring, U, Geiger, H, Geleijnse, JM, George, R, Ghaderi, E, Ghanbari, A, Ghasemi, E, Gheorghe-Fronea, O-F, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gianfagna, F, Gieger, C, Gill, TK, Giovannelli, J, Gironella, G, Giwercman, A, Gkiouras, K, Glushkova, N, Gluškova, N, Godara, R, Godos, J, Gogen, S, Goldberg, M, Goltzman, D, Gómez, G, Gómez, JHG, Gomez, LF, Gómez, SF, Gomula, A, da Silva, BGC, Gonçalves, H, Gonçalves, M, González-Alvarez, AD, Gonzalez-Chica, DA, González-Gil, EM, Gonzalez-Gross, M, González-Leon, M, González-Rivas, JP, González-Villalpando, C, González-Villalpando, M-E, Gonzalez, AR, Gottrand, F, Graça, AP, Graff-Iversen, S, Grafnetter, D, Grajda, A, Grammatikopoulou, MG, Gregor, RD, Gregório, MJ, Grøholt, EK, Grøntved, A, Grosso, G, Gruden, G, Gu, D, Guajardo, V, Gualdi-Russo, E, Guallar-Castillón, P, Gualtieri, A, Gudmundsson, EF, Gudnason, V, Guerrero, R, Guessous, I, Guimaraes, AL, Gulliford, MC, Gunnlaugsdottir, J, Gunter, MJ, Guo, X-H, Guo, Y, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gureje, O, González, EG, Gutierrez, L, Gutzwiller, F, Gwee, X, Ha, S, Hadaegh, F, Hadjigeorgiou, CA, Haghshenas, R, Hakimi, H, Halkjær, J, Hambleton, IR, Hamzeh, B, Hanekom, WA, Hange, D, Hanif, AAM, Hantunen, S, Hao, J, Hardman, CM, Kumar, RH, Lassen, TH, Harooni, J, Hashemi-Shahri, SM, Hassapidou, M, Hata, J, Haugsgjerd, T, Hayes, AJ, He, J, He, Y, He, Y, Heidinger-Felső, R, Heier, M, Hejgaard, T, Hendriks, ME, dos Santos Henrique, R, Henriques, A, Cadena, LH, Herrala, S, Herrera-Cuenca, M, Herrera, VM, Herter-Aeberli, I, Herzig, K-H, Heshmat, R, Hill, AG, Ho, SY, Ho, SC, Hobbs, M, Höfelmann, DA, Holdsworth, M, Homayounfar, R, Homs, C, Hopman, WM, Horimoto, ARVR, Hormiga, CM, Horta, BL, Houti, L, Howitt, C, Htay, TT, Htet, AS, Htike, MMT, Hu, Y, Huerta, JM, Huhtaniemi, IT, Huiart, L, Petrescu, CH, Huisman, M, Husseini, A, Huu, CN, Huybrechts, I, Hwalla, N, Hyska, J, Iacoviello, L, Iakupova, EM, Ibarluzea, JM, Ibrahim, MM, Wong, NI, Ikram, MA, Iñiguez, C, Iotova, V, Irazola, VE, Ishida, T, Isiguzo, GC, Islam, M, Islam, SMS, Islek, D, Ivanova-Pandourska, IY, Iwasaki, M, Jääskeläinen, T, Jackson, RT, Jacobs, JM, Jadoul, M, Jafar, T, Jallow, B, James, K, Jamil, KM, Jamrozik, K, Jansson, A, Janszky, I, Janus, E, Jarani, J, Jarvelin, M-R, Jasienska, G, Jelaković, A, Jelaković, B, Jennings, G, Jiang, CQ, Jimenez, RO, Jöckel, K-H, Joffres, M, Jokelainen, JJ, Jonas, JB, Jonnagaddala, J, Jørgensen, T, Joshi, P, Josipović, J, Joukar, F, Jóźwiak, JJ, Judge, DS, Juolevi, A, Jurak, G, Simina, IJ, Juresa, V, Kaaks, R, Kaducu, FO, Kafatos, A, Kaj, M, Kajantie, EO, Kakutia, N, Kállayová, D, Kalmatayeva, Z, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kameli, Y, Kampmann, FB, Kanala, KR, Kannan, S, Kapantais, E, Karaglani, E, Karakosta, A, Kårhus, LL, Karki, KB, Katchunga, PB, Katibeh, M, Katz, J, Katzmarzyk, PT, Kauhanen, J, Kaur, P, Kavousi, M, Kazakbaeva, GM, Kaze, FF, Ke, C, Keil, U, Boker, LK, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S, Kelishadi, R, Kelleher, C, Kemper, HCG, Keramati, M, Kerimkulova, A, Kersting, M, Key, T, Khader, YS, Khaledifar, A, Khalili, D, Khaw, K-T, Kheiri, B, Kheradmand, M, Khosravi, A, Khouw, IMSL, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U, Kiechl, SJ, Kiechl, S, Killewo, J, Kim, HC, Kim, J, Kindblom, JM, Kingston, A, Klakk, H, Klimek, M, Klimont, J, Klumbiene, J, Knoflach, M, Koirala, B, Kolle, E, Kolsteren, P, König, J, Korpelainen, R, Korrovits, P, Korzycka, M, Kos, J, Koskinen, S, Kouda, K, Kovács, É, Kovacs, VA, Kovalskys, I, Kowlessur, S, Koziel, S, Kratenova, J, Kratzer, W, Kriaucioniene, V, Kriemler, S, Kristensen, PL, Krizan, H, Kroker-Lobos, MF, Krokstad, S, Kromhout, D, Kruger, HS, Kruger, R, Kryst, Ł, Kubinova, R, Kuciene, R, Kujala, UM, Kujundzic, E, Kulaga, Z, Kulimbet, M, Kumar, RK, Kunešová, M, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, YS, Kutsenko, V, Kuulasmaa, K, Kyobutungi, C, La, QN, Laamiri, FZ, Lachat, C, Lackner, KJ, Laid, Y, Lall, L, Lam, TH, Jimenez, ML, Landais, E, Lanska, V, Lappas, G, Larijani, B, Larissa, SP, Latt, TS, Laurenzi, M, Lauria, L, Lazo-Porras, M, Le Coroller, G, Le Nguyen Bao, K, Le Port, A, Le, TD, Lee, J, Lee, J, Lee, PH, Lehmann, N, Lehtimäki, T, Lemogoum, D, Leskošek, B, Leszczak, J, Leth-Møller, KB, Leung, GM, Levitt, NS, Li, Y, Liivak, M, Lilly, CL, Lim, C, Lim, W-Y, Lima-Costa, MF, Lin, H-H, Lin, X, Lin, Y-T, Lind, L, Lingam, V, Linkohr, B, Linneberg, A, Lissner, L, Litwin, M, Liu, J, Liu, L, Lo, W-C, Loit, H-M, Long, KQ, Abril, GL, Lopes, L, Lopes, MVV, Lopes, O, Lopez-Garcia, E, Lopez, T, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, JE, Lukrafka, JL, Luksiene, D, Lundqvist, A, Lunet, N, Lunogelo, C, Lustigová, M, Łuszczki, E, M’Buyamba-Kabangu, J-R, Ma, G, Ma, X, Machado-Coelho, GLL, Machado-Rodrigues, AM, Macia, E, Macieira, LM, Madar, AA, Madsen, AL, Maestre, GE, Maggi, S, Magliano, DJ, Magnacca, S, Magriplis, E, Mahasampath, G, Maire, B, Majer, M, Makdisse, M, Mäki, P, Malekzadeh, F, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Rao, KM, Malyutina, SK, Maniego, LV, Manios, Y, Manix, MI, Mann, JI, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Manyanga, T, Manzato, E, Marcil, A, Margozzini, P, Mariño, J, Markaki, A, Markey, O, Ioannidou, EM, Marques-Vidal, P, Marques, LP, Marrugat, J, Martin-Prevel, Y, Martin, R, Martorell, R, Martos, E, Maruszczak, K, Marventano, S, Masala, G, Mascarenhas, LP, Masoodi, SR, Mathiesen, EB, Mathur, P, Matijasevich, A, Matłosz, P, Matsha, TE, Matsudo, V, Mavrogianni, C, Mazur, A, Mbanya, JCN, McFarlane, SR, McGarvey, ST, McKee, M, McLachlan, S, McLean, RM, McLean, SB, McNairy, ML, McNulty, BA, Benchekor, SM, Medzioniene, J, Mehdipour, P, Mehlig, K, Mehrparvar, AH, Meirhaeghe, A, Meisfjord, J, Meisinger, C, Melgarejo, JD, Melkumova, M, Mello, J, Méndez, F, Mendivil, CO, Menezes, AMB, Menon, GR, Mensink, GBM, Menzano, MT, Meshram, II, Meto, DT, Mi, J, Michaelsen, KF, Michels, N, Mikkel, K, Miłkowska, K, Miller, JC, Milushkina, O, Minderico, CS, Mini, GK, Miquel, JF, Miranda, JJ, Mirjalili, MR, Mirkopoulou, D, Mirrakhimov, E, Mišigoj-Duraković, M, Mistretta, A, Mocanu, V, Modesti, PA, Moghaddam, SS, Mohajer, B, Mohamed, MK, Mohamed, SF, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, MR, Mohammadi, Z, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Yusoff, MFM, Mohebbi, I, Mohebi, F, Moitry, M, Møllehave, LT, Møller, NC, Molnár, D, Momenan, A, Mondo, CK, Montenegro Mendoza, RA, Monterrubio-Flores, E, Monyeki, KDK, Moon, JS, Moosazadeh, M, Mopa, HT, Moradpour, F, Moreira, LB, Morejon, A, Moreno, LA, Morey, F, Morgan, K, Morin, SN, Mortensen, EL, Moschonis, G, Moslem, A, Mossakowska, M, Mostafa, A, Mostafavi, S-A, Mota-Pinto, A, Mota, J, Motlagh, ME, Motta, J, Moura-dos-Santos, MA, Movsesyan, Y, Msyamboza, KP, Mu, TT, Muc, M, Muca, F, Mugoša, B, Muiesan, ML, Müller-Nurasyid, M, Münzel, T, Mursu, J, Murtagh, EM, Musa, KI, Milanović, SM, Musil, V, Musinguzi, G, Muyer, MTMC, Nabipour, I, Naderimagham, S, Nagel, G, Najafi, F, Nakamura, H, Nalecz, H, Námešná, J, Nang, EEK, Nangia, VB, Nankap, M, Narake, S, Nardone, P, Naseri, T, Nauck, M, Neal, WA, Nejatizadeh, A, Nekkantti, C, Nelis, K, Nenko, I, Neovius, M, Nervi, F, Ng, TP, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, ND, Nguyen, QN, Ni, MY, Nicolescu, R, Nie, P, Nieto-Martínez, RE, Nikitin, YP, Ning, G, Ninomiya, T, Nishi, N, Nishtar, S, Noale, M, Noboa, OA, Nogueira, H, Nordendahl, M, Nordestgaard, BG, Noto, D, Nowak-Szczepanska, N, Nsour, MA, Nuhoğlu, I, Nunes, B, Nurk, E, Nuwaha, F, Nyirenda, M, O’Neill, TW, O’Reilly, D, Obreja, G, Ochimana, C, Ochoa-Avilés, AM, Oda, E, Odili, AN, Oh, K, Ohara, K, Ohlsson, C, Ohtsuka, R, Olafsson, Ö, Olinto, MTA, Oliveira, IO, Omar, MA, Omar, SM, Onat, A, Ong, SK, Onland-Moret, NC, Ono, LM, Ordunez, P, Ornelas, R, Ortiz, AP, Ortiz, PJ, Osler, M, Osmond, C, Ostojic, SM, Ostovar, A, Otero, JA, Overvad, K, Owusu-Dabo, E, Paccaud, FM, Pagkalos, I, Pahomova, E, de Paiva, KM, Pająk, A, Palloni, A, Palmieri, L, Pan, W-H, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Panza, F, Paoli, M, Papadopoulou, SK, Papandreou, D, Pareja, RG, Park, S-W, Park, S, Parnell, WR, Parsaeian, M, Pascanu, IM, Pasquet, P, Patel, ND, Pattussi, M, Pavlyshyn, H, Pechlaner, R, Pećin, I, Pednekar, MS, Pedro, JM, Peer, N, Peixoto, SV, Peltonen, M, Pereira, AC, Peres, MA, Pérez, CM, Peterkova, V, Peters, A, Petersmann, A, Petkeviciene, J, Petrauskiene, A, Kovtun, OP, Pettenuzzo, E, Peykari, N, Pfeiffer, N, Phall, MC, Pham, ST, Pichardo, RN, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeot, I, Pikhart, H, Pilav, A, Pilotto, L, Pistelli, F, Pitakaka, F, Piwonska, A, Pizarro, AN, Plans-Rubió, P, Platonova, AG, Poh, BK, Pohlabeln, H, Polka, NS, Pop, RM, Popovic, SR, Porta, M, Posch, G, Poudyal, A, Poulimeneas, D, Pouraram, H, Pourfarzi, F, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Pradeepa, R, Price, AJ, Price, JF, Prista, A, Providencia, R, Puder, JJ, Pudule, I, Puiu, M, Punab, M, Qadir, MS, Qasrawi, RF, Qorbani, M, Quintana, HK, Quiroga-Padilla, PJ, Bao, TQ, Rach, S, Radic, I, Radisauskas, R, Rahimikazerooni, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, M, Raitakari, O, Raj, M, Rajabov, T, Rakhmatulloev, S, Rakovac, I, Rao, SR, Ramachandran, A, Ramadan, OPC, Ramires, VV, Ramke, J, Ramos, E, Ramos, R, Rampal, L, Rampal, S, Rangelova, LS, Rarra, V, Rascon-Pacheco, RA, Rech, CR, Redon, J, Reganit, PFM, Regecová, V, Renner, JDP, Repasy, JA, Reuter, CP, Revilla, L, Rezaianzadeh, A, Rho, Y, Ribas-Barba, L, Ribeiro, R, Riboli, E, Richter, A, Rigo, F, Rigotti, A, Rinaldo, N, Rinke de Wit, TF, Rito, AI, Ritti-Dias, RM, Rivera, JA, Roa, RG, Robinson, L, Robitaille, C, Roccaldo, R, Rodrigues, D, Rodríguez-Artalejo, F, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M, Rodríguez-Villamizar, LA, Rodríguez, AY, Roggenbuck, U, Rohloff, P, Rohner, F, Rojas-Martinez, R, Rojroongwasinkul, N, Romaguera, D, Romeo, EL, Rosario, RV, Rosengren, A, Rouse, I, Rouzier, V, Roy, JGR, Ruano, MH, Rubinstein, A, Rühli, FJ, Ruidavets, J-B, Ruiz-Betancourt, BS, Ruiz-Castell, M, Moreno, ER, Rusakova, IA, Jonsson, KR, Russo, P, Rust, P, Rutkowski, M, Saamel, M, Sabanayagam, C, Sabbaghi, H, Sacchini, E, Sachdev, HS, Sadjadi, A, Safarpour, AR, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Saghi, MH, Saidi, O, Saki, N, Šalaj, S, Salanave, B, Martinez, ES, Saleva, C, Salmerón, D, Salomaa, V, Salonen, JT, Salvetti, M, Samoutian, M, Sánchez-Abanto, J, Rodríguez, IS, Sandjaja, , Sans, S, Marina, LS, Santacruz, E, Santos, DA, Santos, IS, Santos, LC, Santos, MP, Santos, O, Santos, R, Santos, TR, Saramies, JL, Sardinha, LB, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathish, T, Saum, K-U, Savva, S, Savy, M, Sawada, N, Sbaraini, M, Scazufca, M, Schaan, BD, Rosario, AS, Schargrodsky, H, Schienkiewitz, A, Schindler, K, Schipf, S, Schmidt, CO, Schmidt, IM, Schneider, A, Schnohr, P, Schöttker, B, Schramm, S, Schramm, S, Schröder, H, Schultsz, C, Schulze, MB, Schutte, AE, Sebert, S, Sedaghattalab, M, Selamat, R, Sember, V, Sen, A, Senbanjo, IO, Sepanlou, SG, Sequera, G, Serra-Majem, L, Servais, J, Ševčíková, Ľ, Shalnova, S, Shamah-Levy, T, Shamshirgaran, SM, Shanthirani, CS, Sharafkhah, M, Sharma, SK, Shaw, JE, Shayanrad, A, Shayesteh, AA, Shengelia, L, Shi, Z, Shibuya, K, Shimizu-Furusawa, H, Shimony, T, Shiri, R, Shrestha, N, Si-Ramlee, K, Siani, A, Siantar, R, Sibai, AM, Sidossis, LS, Silitrari, N, Silva, AM, de Moura Silva, CR, Silva, DAS, Silva, KS, Sim, X, Simon, M, Simons, J, Simons, LA, Sjöberg, A, Sjöström, M, Skoblina, NA, Skodje, G, Slazhnyova, T, Slowikowska-Hilczer, J, Slusarczyk, P, Smeeth, L, So, H-K, Soares, FC, Sobek, G, Sobngwi, E, Sodemann, M, Söderberg, S, Soekatri, MYE, Soemantri, A, Sofat, R, Solfrizzi, V, Somi, MH, Sonestedt, E, Song, Y, Soofi, S, Sørensen, TIA, Sørgjerd, EP, Jérome, CS, Soto-Rojas, VE, Soumaré, A, Sousa-Poza, A, Sovic, S, Sparboe-Nilsen, B, Sparrenberger, K, Spencer, PR, Spinelli, A, Spiroski, I, Staessen, JA, Stamm, H, Staub, K, Stavreski, B, Steene-Johannessen, J, Stehle, P, Stein, AD, Stergiou, GS, Stessman, J, Stevanović, R, Stieber, J, Stöckl, D, Stokwiszewski, J, Stoyanova, E, Stratton, G, Stronks, K, Strufaldi, MW, Sturua, L, Suárez-Medina, R, Suka, M, Sun, C-A, Sun, L, Sundström, J, Sung, Y-T, Sunyer, J, Suriyawongpaisal, P, Sweis, NWG, Swinburn, BA, Sy, RG, Sylva, RC, Szklo, M, Szponar, L, Tabone, L, Tai, ES, Tambalis, KD, Tammesoo, M-L, Tamosiunas, A, Tan, EJ, Tang, X, Tanrygulyyeva, M, Tanser, F, Tao, Y, Tarawneh, MR, Tarp, J, Tarqui-Mamani, CB, Braunerová, RT, Taylor, A, Taylor, J, Tchibindat, F, Te Velde, S, Tebar, WR, Tell, GS, Tello, T, Tham, YC, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, H, Theodoridis, X, Thomas, N, Thorand, B, Thuesen, BH, Tichá, Ľ, Timmermans, EJ, Tjandrarini, DH, Tjonneland, A, Tolonen, HK, Tolstrup, JS, Topbas, M, Topór-Mądry, R, Torheim, LE, Tormo, MJ, Tornaritis, MJ, Torrent, M, Torres-Collado, L, Toselli, S, Touloumi, G, Traissac, P, Tran, TT-H, Tremblay, MS, Triantafyllou, A, Trichopoulos, D, Trichopoulou, A, Trinh, OTH, Trivedi, A, Tsao, Y-H, Tshepo, L, Tsigga, M, Tsintavis, P, Tsugane, S, Tuitele, J, Tuliakova, AM, Tulloch-Reid, MK, Tullu, F, Tuomainen, T-P, Tuomilehto, J, Turley, ML, Twig, G, Tynelius, P, Tzala, E, Tzotzas, T, Tzourio, C, Ueda, P, Ugel, E, Ukoli, FAM, Ulmer, H, Unal, B, Usupova, Z, Uusitalo, HMT, Uysal, N, Vaitkeviciute, J, Valdivia, G, Vale, S, Valvi, D, van Dam, RM, van den Born, B-J, Van der Heyden, J, van der Schouw, YT, Van Herck, K, Van Lippevelde, W, Van Minh, H, Van Schoor, NM, van Valkengoed, IGM, Vanderschueren, D, Vanuzzo, D, Varbo, A, Varela-Moreiras, G, Vargas, LN, Varona-Pérez, P, Vasan, SK, Vasques, DG, Vega, T, Veidebaum, T, Velasquez-Melendez, G, Velika, B, Verloigne, M, Veronesi, G, Verschuren, WMM, Victora, CG, Viegi, G, Viet, L, Vik, FN, Vilar, M, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Virtanen, JK, Visvikis-Siest, S, Viswanathan, B, Vladulescu, M, Vlasoff, T, Vocanec, D, Vollenweider, P, Völzke, H, Voutilainen, A, Vrijheid, M, Vrijkotte, TGM, Wade, AN, Waldhör, T, Walton, J, Wambiya, EOA, Bebakar, WMW, Mohamud, WNW, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, R, Wang, M-D, Wang, N, Wang, Q, Wang, X, Wang, YX, Wang, Y-W, Wannamethee, SG, Wareham, N, Weber, A, Webster-Kerr, K, Wedderkopp, N, Weghuber, D, Wei, W, Weres, A, Werner, B, Westbury, LD, Whincup, PH, Wickramasinghe, K, Widhalm, K, Widyahening, IS, Więcek, A, Wild, PS, Wilks, RJ, Willeit, J, Willeit, P, Williams, J, Wilsgaard, T, Wojciech, R, Wojtyniak, B, Wolf, K, Wong-McClure, RA, Wong, A, Wong, EB, Wong, JE, Wong, TY, Woo, J, Woodward, M, Wu, FC, Wu, H-Y, Wu, J, Wu, LJ, Wu, S, Wyszyńska, J, Xu, H, Xu, L, Yaacob, NA, Yamborisut, U, Yan, W, Yang, L, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yardim, N, Yasuharu, T, García, MY, Yiallouros, PK, Yngve, A, Yoosefi, M, Yoshihara, A, You, QS, You, S-L, Younger-Coleman, NO, Yu, Y-L, Yu, Y, Yusof, SM, Yusoff, AF, Zaccagni, L, Zafiropulos, V, Zainuddin, AA, Zakavi, SR, Zamani, F, Zambon, S, Zampelas, A, Zamrazilová, H, Zapata, ME, Zargar, AH, Zaw, KK, Zayed, AA, Zdrojewski, T, Żegleń, M, Zejglicova, K, Vrkic, TZ, Zeng, Y, Zhang, L, Zhang, Z-Y, Zhao, D, Zhao, M-H, Zhao, W, Zhecheva, YV, Zhen, S, Zheng, W, Zheng, Y, Zholdin, B, Zhou, M, Zhu, D, Zins, M, Zitt, E, Zocalo, Y, Zoghlami, N, Cisneros, JZ, Zuziak, M, Bhutta, ZA, Black, RE and Ezzati, M (2023) Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development. Nature, 615. pp. 874-883. ISSN 0028-0836

[img]
Preview
Text
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents growth adn development.pdf - Published Version
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.

Download (26MB) | Preview
Open Access URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05772-8... (Published version)

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being<jats:sup>1–6</jats:sup>. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m<jats:sup>–2</jats:sup> in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p>

Item Type: Article
Uncontrolled Keywords: General Science & Technology
Subjects: R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine
Divisions: Sport & Exercise Sciences
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
SWORD Depositor: A Symplectic
Date Deposited: 31 Mar 2023 08:41
Last Modified: 31 Mar 2023 08:45
DOI or ID number: 10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8
URI: https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/19198
View Item View Item