Low-luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. II. Lightcurve Analysis

Das, KK, Kasliwal, MM, Sollerman, J, Fremling, C, Moriya, TJ, Hinds, K-R, Perley, DA ORCID: 0000-0001-8472-1996, Bellm, EC, Chen, TX, O'connor, EP, Coughlin, MW, Jacobson-Galan, WV, Gangopadhyay, A, Graham, M, Kulkarni, SR, Purdum, J, Sarin, N, Schulze, S, Singh, A, Tsuna, D et al (2026) Low-luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. II. Lightcurve Analysis. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 138 (2). ISSN 0004-6280

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Abstract

The Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe survey yielded a sample of 330 Type IIP supernovae (SNe) with well-constrained peak luminosities. In paper I, we measured their luminosity function and volumetric rate. Here (paper II), we present the largest systematic study of lightcurve properties for Type IIP SNe from a volume-limited survey, analyzing a selected subset of 129 events, including 16 low-luminosity Type IIP (LLIIP) SNe with Mr,peak ≥ −16 mag. We find that plateau slope correlates with peak brightness, with many LLIIP SNe showing positive slopes—suggesting smaller progenitor radii and distinct density profiles compared to brighter Type IIP SNe. The plateau duration shows only a weak dependence on peak brightness, likely suggesting binary interaction. One SN exhibits a plateau-to-tail drop of >3.5 mag, consistent with an electron-capture or failed SN with very low or zero nickel mass. We derive explosion and progenitor parameters of the entire Type IIP SN sample using semi-analytical and radiation-hydrodynamical models. Based on radiation-hydrodynamical model fitting, LLIIP SNe are characterized by low nickel masses (0.001–0.025 M⊙), low explosion energies (0.1–0.28 × 1051 erg), low ejecta masses (8.1 1.7+0.8 M⊙), and ZAMS masses below 11 M⊙. In comparison, the full Type IIP SN sample spans a wider range with nickel masses (0.001–0.222 M⊙), explosion energies (0.10-4.43 × 1051 erg), ejecta masses (5.4–24.8 M⊙), and ZAMS masses (9.3-16.7 M⊙). We find strong correlations between peak brightness, explosion energy, and nickel mass that extend to the low-luminosity end. We conclude that LLIIP SNe represent the faint, low energy end of the Type IIP population and originate from the lowest-mass core-collapse progenitors.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	5109 Space Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	IOP Publishing
Date of acceptance:	6 January 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	23 April 2026
Date Deposited:	23 Apr 2026 14:51
Last Modified:	23 Apr 2026 14:51
DOI or ID number:	10.1088/1538-3873/ae33f5
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28446

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