The broad-lined type Ic supernova 2020lao experienced an energetic explosion with no central-engine signatures

Stritzinger, MD, Moriya, TJ, Bose, S, Mazzali, PA ORCID: 0000-0001-6876-8284, Lundqvist, P, Karamehmetoglu, E, Arndt, LS, Ashall, C, Galbany, L, Hoogendam, WB, Baron, E, DerKacy, JM, Elias-Rosa, N, Hsiao, EY, Hoflich, P, Pian, E, Jensen, EAM, Moran, S, Pastorello, A, Shahbandeh, M et al (2026) The broad-lined type Ic supernova 2020lao experienced an energetic explosion with no central-engine signatures. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 708. pp. 1-13. ISSN 0004-6361

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Abstract

We present infant-phase observations of the broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN Ic-BL) 2020lao, including optical spectroscopy beginning within about 48 hours of the inferred explosion epoch and extending to nearly 100 days. The explosion time was constrained by power-law fits to the rising TESS and ZTF light curves, with the first ZTF detection occurring only ∼27 hours after explosion. The optical light curves show a rapid rise that lasted for ≈8.8 days and a peak luminosity typical of SNe Ic-BL (i.e., Mr ≃ −18.5 mag). Unlike some engine-driven SN Ic-BL events, the early light curve of SN 2020lao shows no evidence of an optical afterglow or excess emission, and the absence of any detectable shock–cooling component in the TESS and ZTF data constrains the progenitor to a compact Wolf-Rayet-like star whose R★ is less than or equal to a few times the R⊙, ruling out any extended envelope. The spectra resemble those of the X-ray-flash-associated SN 2006aj but with systematically higher expansion velocities. From Arnett-type fits to the bolometric light curve and measured Fe IIλ5169 line velocities, we infer a 56Ni mass of 0.23 ± 0.03 M⊙, an ejecta mass (Mej) of 3.2 ± 0.8 M⊙, and a kinetic energy (EK) of ∼(23.1 ± 12.4)×1051 erg, corresponding to a specific kinetic energy (EK/Mej) of ≈(7.2 ± 3.5)×1051 erg M⊙−1. Spectral synthesis modeling broadly reproduces the photospheric-phase spectra of SN 2020lao and suggests EK/Mej ≈ 4.9 × 1051 erg M⊙−1. SN 2020lao and SN 2006aj synthesized comparable amounts of 56Ni, yet SN 2020lao exhibits EK/Mej values on the order of 5–10 times larger. Published VLA and Swift/XRT non-detections reveal no afterglow emission, allowing us to place stringent limits on relativistic ejecta and dense circumstellar material. Given that SN 2020lao reaches a specific kinetic energy typical of engine-driven SNe Ic-BL, the lack of an early optical excess together with the non-detections in the radio and X-ray bands suggests that if a relativistic jet was launched, the explosion must have been viewed far off axis or the jet was choked before breakout. If there was no relativistic jet, SN 2020lao would therefore be an extreme nonrelativistic SN Ic-BL. This underscores the importance of continued infant-phase, multiwavelength monitoring of these explosions.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	radiative transfer; gamma-ray burst: general; supernovae: general; supernovae: individual: SN 2020lao; 5101 Astronomical Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics; 5109 Space sciences
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
Date of acceptance:	7 March 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	7 May 2026
Date Deposited:	07 May 2026 08:07
Last Modified:	07 May 2026 08:07
DOI or ID number:	10.1051/0004-6361/202558378
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28527

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