From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor

Carrillo, A, Deason, AJ, Fattahi, A, Grand, RJJ ORCID: 0000-0001-9667-1340 and Fragkoudi, F (2026) From order to chaos: the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 546 (4). ISSN 0035-8711

Preview

Text From order to chaos the blurred out metallicity gradient of the Gaia Enceladus Sausage progenitor.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (6MB) | Preview

Abstract

The powerful combination of Gaia with other Milky Way large survey data has ushered in a deeper understanding of the assembly history of our Galaxy, which is marked by the accretion of Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES). As a step towards reconstructing this significant merger, we examine the existence and destruction of its stellar metallicity gradient. We investigate eight GES-like progenitors from the Auriga simulations and find that all have negative metallicity gradients at infall with a range of −0.14 to −0.05 dex kpc−1 against radius and −2.54 to −0.42 dex/10−5km2s−2 against the stellar orbital energy. These gradients get blurred and become shallower when measured at z = 0 in the Milky Way-like host.
The percentage change in the radial metallicity gradient is consistently high (89–97 per cent), while the percentage change in the energy space varies much more (17–70 per cent). We also find that the most massive progenitors show the smallest changes in their energy metallicity gradients. At the same present-day galactocentric radius, lower metallicity stars originate from the outskirts of the GES progenitor. Similarly, at fixed metallicity, stars at higher galactocentric radii tend to originate from the GES outskirts. We find that the GES stellar mass, total mass, infall time, and the present-day Milky Way total mass are correlated with the percentage change in metallicity gradient, both in radius and in energy space. It is therefore vital to constrain these properties further to pin down the infall metallicity gradient of the GES progenitor and understand the onset of such ordered chemistry at cosmic noon.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	galaxies: dwarf; Galaxy: formation; Galaxy: halo; astro-ph.GA; astro-ph.GA; 5101 Astronomical Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; Stem Cell Research; Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Non-Human; 7 Affordable and Clean Energy; 5101 Astronomical Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; Stem Cell Research; Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Non-Human; 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics; 5109 Space sciences
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date of acceptance:	14 January 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	14 May 2026
Date Deposited:	14 May 2026 14:38
Last Modified:	14 May 2026 14:38
DOI or ID number:	10.1093/mnras/stag111
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28578

View Item