Joint X-Ray, Kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich, and Weak Lensing Measurements: Toward a Consensus Picture of Efficient Gas Expulsion from Groups and Clusters

Siegel, JC, Amon, A, McCarthy, IG ORCID: 0000-0002-1286-483X, Bigwood, L, Yamamoto, M, Bulbul, E, Greene, JE, McCullough, J, Schaller, M and Schaye, J (2026) Joint X-Ray, Kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich, and Weak Lensing Measurements: Toward a Consensus Picture of Efficient Gas Expulsion from Groups and Clusters. Astrophysical Journal, 1003 (2). ISSN 0004-637X

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Abstract

There is no consensus on how baryon feedback shapes the underlying matter distribution from either simulations or observations. We confront the uncertain landscape by jointly analyzing new measurements of the gas distribution around groups and clusters -- DESI+ACT kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect profiles and eROSITA X-ray gas masses -- with mean halo masses characterized by galaxy-galaxy lensing. Across a wide range of halo masses ($M_{500}=10^{13-14}M_\odot) and redshifts (0<z<1), we find evidence of more efficient gas expulsion beyond several R_{500}$ than predicted by most state-of-the-art simulations. A like-with-like comparison reveals all kSZ and X-ray observations are inconsistent with the fiducial 1 Gpc^{3}hydrodynamical FLAMINGO simulation, which was calibrated to reproduce pre-eROSITA X-ray gas fractions: eROSITA X-ray gas fractions are 2\times lower than the simulation, and the kSZ measurements are combined >8 σ discrepant. The FLAMINGO simulation variant with the most gas expulsion, and therefore the most suppression of the matter power spectrum relative to a dark matter only simulation, provides a good description of how much gas is expelled and how far it extends; the enhanced gas depletion is achieved by more powerful but less frequent AGN outbursts. Joint kSZ, X-ray, and lensing measurements form a consistent picture of gas expulsion beyond several R_{500}, implying a more suppressed matter power spectrum than predicted by most recent simulations. Complementary observables and next-generation simulations are critical to understanding the physical mechanism behind this extreme gas expulsion and mapping its impact on the large-scale matter distribution.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	astro-ph.CO; astro-ph.CO; astro-ph.GA; 5106 Nuclear and Plasma Physics; 51 Physical Sciences; 5106 Nuclear and Plasma Physics; 51 Physical Sciences; 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics; 0306 Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural); Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics; 5109 Space sciences
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	American Astronomical Society; IOP Publishing
Date of acceptance:	8 April 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	3 June 2026
Date Deposited:	03 Jun 2026 15:54
Last Modified:	03 Jun 2026 15:54
DOI or ID number:	10.3847/1538-4357/ae5dc2
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28729

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