Multi-objective resilience-oriented optimisation for the global container shipping network against cascading failures

Cao, Y, Xin, X ORCID: 0000-0002-1478-2037, Wang, X, Wang, J ORCID: 0000-0003-4646-9106 and Yang, Z ORCID: 0000-0003-1385-493X (2025) Multi-objective resilience-oriented optimisation for the global container shipping network against cascading failures. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 200. ISSN 0965-8564

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Abstract

Disruptive events at ports (e.g., epidemics, natural hazards and regional conflicts) continuously challenge the stability of cargo flows, leading to cascading failures that significantly undermine the resilience of global shipping networks. To address these challenges, this study proposes a new Multi-objective Stepwise Optimisation (MSO) framework that can aid decision-makers in maintaining resilience against cascading failures. Specifically, this study first formulates multiple objectives aimed at minimising adverse impacts on maritime stakeholders by reducing transit time, alleviating port overload, and preserving the network's structural completeness. Then, to explore ideal load redistribution strategies mitigating the cascading effects, a Stepwise Cascading Mitigation (SCM) model is newly developed. In this model, all feasible target ports are identified, followed by an iterative algorithm applied to determine the equilibrium volumes of load redistributed to each target. An evolutionary procedure is then designed to ensure renewal of diverse solutions and reduce computational complexity. By simulating the entire cascading process, multi-dimensional reductions in shipping network resilience are eventually assessed. Taking the Global Container Shipping Network (GCSN) as a case study, comprehensive experiments, alongside targeted analyses of major international ports, are conducted to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the MSO framework over four benchmarking methods. Sensitivity analysis results further reveal that maintaining appropriate redundancy across the network, combined with the proposed optimal redistribution strategies, can effectively mitigate the adverse impacts of cascading failures on system resilience. Therefore, this study provides stakeholders with adaptable emergency response protocols to alleviate excessive congestion at critical ports, ensuring the timely and reliable movement of goods, thereby proactively protecting the overall robustness and resilience of global supply chains.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Maritime transport; Resilience analysis; Cascading failures; The global container shipping network; 3509 Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chains; 33 Built Environment and Design; 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services; 3304 Urban and Regional Planning; Generic health relevance; 1205 Urban and Regional Planning; 1507 Transportation and Freight Services; Logistics & Transportation; 3304 Urban and regional planning; 3509 Transportation, logistics and supply chains
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General) T Technology > TC Hydraulic engineering. Ocean engineering
Divisions:	Engineering
Publisher:	Elsevier
Date of acceptance:	22 August 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	23 July 2026
Date Deposited:	23 Jul 2026 15:00
Last Modified:	23 Jul 2026 15:00
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.tra.2025.104659
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29058

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