A theoretical investigation of the fuel cell efficiency on the lithium battery recharging using different fuel types

Ahuir-Torres, JI ORCID: 0000-0002-3160-0223, Yuksel, O ORCID: 0000-0002-5728-5866, Blanco-Davis, E ORCID: 0000-0001-8080-4997, Shagar, GV, Hitchmough, D ORCID: 0009-0008-5474-7149 and Wang, J ORCID: 0000-0003-4646-9106 (2026) A theoretical investigation of the fuel cell efficiency on the lithium battery recharging using different fuel types. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 91. ISSN 2213-1388

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Abstract

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. Batteries and fuel cells have emerged as promising technologies to meet this ambitious target in marine transport applications. Although batteries and fuel cells for marine transport applications have been studied, limited attention has been paid to the fuel-cell efficiency for battery recharging as a function of fuel type. The study theoretically examines the effect of fuel type on lithium battery recharging efficiency. A model was developed to assess battery recharging processes using fuel cells with different fuels. The model was created using the MATLAB Simulink environment. Simulations were conducted under several scenarios, including a system comprising single- and multi-type fuel cells. The results indicate that the configuration consisting of a single methanol fuel cell exhibited the highest recharging efficiency, followed by the hydrogen fuel cell configuration. Scenarios involving configurations with multiple fuel cell types exhibited lower recharging efficiency than those with a single fuel cell type, except for the ammonia fuel cell. The lowest recharging efficiency was observed in the configuration incorporating three types of fuel cells.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Ship electrification; Renewable energies; Lithium-battery; Fuel cells; Fuel type; 4004 Chemical Engineering; 40 Engineering; 4008 Electrical Engineering; 13 Climate Action; 7 Affordable and Clean Energy; 0905 Civil Engineering; 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering; 3302 Building; 4004 Chemical engineering; 4008 Electrical engineering
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
Divisions:	Engineering and Built Environment
Publisher:	Elsevier
Date of acceptance:	29 May 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	3 September 2026
Date Deposited:	03 Sep 2026 10:52
Last Modified:	03 Sep 2026 10:52
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.seta.2026.105105
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29310

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