Comparing the impact of various sucrose concentrations on the performance of various lipid-based nanoformulations for the delivery of trans-resveratrol as a model drug

Thevarkattil, AM, Balasundaram, K, Hussein, N, Omer, H, Yousaf, S, Houacine, C, Shehzad, A, Bnyan, R, Elhissi, A and Khan, I ORCID: 0000-0002-4206-7663 (2026) Comparing the impact of various sucrose concentrations on the performance of various lipid-based nanoformulations for the delivery of trans-resveratrol as a model drug. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 125. pp. 1-15. ISSN 1773-2247

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Abstract

Drug delivery via aerosolization is a non-invasive and ideal method for targeting the pulmonary system, achieving localized effect. This study aims to formulate and compare five different types of lipid-based powder formulations: pro-micelles (F1-F3), pro-niosomes (F4-F6), pro-liposomes (F7-F9), pro-transfersomes (F10-F12), and pro-nanostructured lipid carriers (F13-F15), using three different lipid-to-sucrose carrier ratios (1:05, 1:10, and 1:15 w/w) via a slurry method, using a model anticancer drug, trans-resveratrol (TRES). Aerosolization performance was determined via a two-stage impinger (TSI) paired with two medical nebulizers (i.e., air-jet and vibrating mesh). Post-hydration, vesicles from pro-niosome formulations (F3-F6) demonstrated significantly larger particle size (>1200 nm), while from pro-transfersomes (F11-F13) showed smaller particle size (<125 nm). Entrapment efficiency for all formulations exceeded 90%. An elevated dynamic viscosity was recorded for all formulations when employing a type B Ostwald viscometer as opposed to A, C and D, regardless of formulation type. Upon nebulization, the vibrating mesh nebulizer was associated with an extended nebulization time (23-32 min), short sputtering time (1.57-5.59) and high mass output (79-95%) in compared to air-jet nebulizer (irrespective of formulation type). Both nebulization time and mass output increased significantly with increasing sucrose concentration in formulations (from 1:5 to 1:15 w/w ratio). Upon aerosolization performance, the vibrating mesh showed a significantly higher emitted dose (ED; 72-98%) and fine particle fraction (FPF; 60-81%) than its counterpart nebulizer. The in-vitro release profile depicted zero-order controlled drug release. Moreover, over a period of 24 h, the maximum release of TRES was found at pH 5, rather than at pH 7. Thus, it was concluded that formulations with a higher viscosity (with increasing sucrose concentration) and a vibrating mesh nebulizer are the best combination for peripheral drug deposition.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Lipid-based formulations; Nanoformulations; Nebulization; Non-invasive; Pulmonary system; Sucrose; Viscosity; Sucrose; Nebulization; Pulmonary system; Non-invasive; Nanoformulations; Lipid-based formulations; Viscosity; 3206 Medical Biotechnology; 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; Bioengineering; Nanotechnology; 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; 3214 Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Subjects:	R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica
Divisions:	Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Publisher:	Elsevier
Date of acceptance:	2 July 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	9 September 2026
Date Deposited:	09 Sep 2026 15:14
Last Modified:	09 Sep 2026 15:14
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108671
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29366

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