Multiple Effects of Shore Power and Its Berthing-priority Policy on Ship-in-port Performance

Wang, J, Ge, Y-E, Yang, Z ORCID: 0000-0003-1385-493X and Li, H ORCID: 0000-0002-4293-4763 (2026) Multiple Effects of Shore Power and Its Berthing-priority Policy on Ship-in-port Performance. Transport Policy, 188. ISSN 0967-070X

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Abstract

This study aims to systematically investigate the multiple effects of Shore Power (SP) deployment and its berthing-priority policy on ship-in-port performance. For this purpose, an integrated Operation-Environment-Policy-Power (OEPP) simulation framework is developed to embed SP adoption and berthing-priority rules into a discrete-event model of container terminal operations. The framework efficiently links terminal operations, ship emissions, policy intervention, and port electricity demand, and is validated using empirical terminal data, expert consultation, scenario analysis, and sensitivity testing. The results indicate that SP adoption can reduce ship-in-port emissions by up to 43% under full utilisation while berthing-priority policies introduce transitional trade-offs between environmental benefits and operational efficiency. The adverse effects gradually diminish as SP utilisation approaches full adoption. The analysis further reveals that ship-in-port emissions are more sensitive to changes in traffic growth than increases in SP utilisation. Moreover, large-scale SP deployment significantly increases port electricity demand, with an average consumption of approximately 19.5 MWh per SP-equipped vessel, underscoring the need for coordinated port–power infrastructure planning. These findings provide policy-relevant evidence to support adaptive and phased implementation of SP and its berthing-priority policy, highlighting the need to balance emission-reduction objectives with operational efficiency and power-system readiness in port decarbonisation strategies.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Shore power; Berthing-priority; Simulation model; Sensitivity analysis; Emission reduction; 3509 Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chains; 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services; 1205 Urban and Regional Planning; 1507 Transportation and Freight Services; Logistics & Transportation; 3304 Urban and regional planning; 3509 Transportation, logistics and supply chains
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
Divisions:	Engineering and Built Environment
Publisher:	Elsevier
Date of acceptance:	4 August 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	21 September 2026
Date Deposited:	21 Sep 2026 10:17
Last Modified:	21 Sep 2026 10:17
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104339
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29476

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