Quantifying microvascular responses to local heating using optical coherence tomography: Comparison between skin sites and sex differences

Costa, JG, Wigati, KW, Naylor, LH, Jones, H ORCID: 0000-0001-8282-1459, McLaughlin, RA and Green, DJ (2025) Quantifying microvascular responses to local heating using optical coherence tomography: Comparison between skin sites and sex differences. Experimental Physiology. pp. 1-9. ISSN 0958-0670

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Abstract

Due to a lack of technical capacity to directly visualise and quantify microvessels in the skin, little is known regarding regional and/or sex differences. We compared diameter, velocity, flow and density at four regional sites using a novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) approach. OCT and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) were performed on the back, forearm, foot and thigh in 30 healthy adults (15♂ 15♀; 31 ± 6years) at rest (33°C) and after 30 min of local heating (LH; 44°C). At baseline, larger diameter, speed, flow, density and LDF flux were recorded on the back than other sites (P < 0.017). In response to LH, the smallest changes in OCT-derived diameter were observed on the back (Δ12 ± 6 µm) and foot (Δ13 ± 6 µm vs. forearm 17 ± 5 µm; thigh Δ18 ± 5 µm, all P < 0.005 vs. foot, back). The back exhibited the smallest change in density (back Δ19 ± 7%, forearm Δ24 ± 5%, thigh Δ26 ± 6%, foot Δ26 ± 8%, P < 0.02 vs. back) whilst the foot exhibited the smallest changes in speed (foot Δ27 ± 14, back Δ58 ± 22, forearm Δ47 ± 17, thigh Δ48 ± 11 µm/s, P < 0.001 vs. foot) and flow (Δ135 ± 60, back Δ204 ± 76, forearm Δ212 ± 60, thigh Δ247 ± 51 µL/s, P < 0.001 vs. foot). When sites were grouped, males had larger baseline diameters (♂ 45 ± 3 vs. ♀ 42 ± 3 µm, P = 0.019) and flows (♂ 109 ± 20 vs. ♀ 93 ± 17 µL/s, P = 0.025) whilst females exhibited larger LH-induced changes in speed in the thigh (♀ Δ53 ± 10 vs. ♂ Δ43 ± 10 µm/s, P = 0.014) and density in the forearm (♀ Δ26 ± 4 vs. ♂ Δ21% ± 6%, P = 0.006). Regional differences exist in OCT-derived cutaneous microvascular diameter, speed, flow and density at baseline and in response to LH. Males showed larger cutaneous diameter and flow at baseline, while females exhibited larger changes in the speed and density outcomes in response to local heating.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	laser Doppler; local heating; optical imaging; regional differences; sex differences; skin microvessels; 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; 42 Health Sciences; 4207 Sports Science and Exercise; Biomedical Imaging; Bioengineering; 0606 Physiology; 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences; 1116 Medical Physiology; Physiology; 3109 Zoology; 3208 Medical physiology; 4207 Sports science and exercise
Subjects:	Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine
Divisions:	Sport and Exercise Sciences
Publisher:	Wiley
Date of acceptance:	25 November 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	22 September 2026
Date Deposited:	22 Sep 2026 08:22
Last Modified:	22 Sep 2026 08:22
DOI or ID number:	10.1113/EP093337
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29494

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