ENGRAVE follow-up of a type IIb supernova spatially coincident with the sub-threshold gravitational wave trigger S250818k

Ackley, K, Botticella, MT, Boye, A, Branchesi, M, Bruni, G, Cappellaro, E, Chaty, S, Chen, T-W, D'Ammando, F, D'Elia, V, De Pasquale, MF, Dimple, Eyles-Ferris, RAJ, Fraser, M, Gianfagna, G, Gillanders, JH, Greco, G, Gromadzki, M, Gutierrez, CP, Hajela, A et al (2026) ENGRAVE follow-up of a type IIb supernova spatially coincident with the sub-threshold gravitational wave trigger S250818k. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 714. ISSN 0004-6361

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Abstract

The candidate gravitational wave (GW) event S250818k was one of only three non-retracted LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA public alerts issued during the fourth observing run of the network (O4) with a binary neutron star (BNS) merger classification probability exceeding one percent. This triggered a prompt search for a potential electromagnetic (EM) counterpart in the large localization error region (949 deg2 projected in the sky at the 90% credible level). The transient supernova (SN) 2025ulz discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) during the search, attracted a great deal of attention due to a potential spatial and temporal coincidence, and due to its initial fast decay and featureless spectrum. Here, we report on the follow-up of this transient by the Electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources at the Very Large Telescope (ENGRAVE) Collaboration. We conducted an extensive multi-wavelength observational campaign, which led to the spectral classification of the transient as a type IIb SN, indicating that it is unrelated to the candidate GW event. In this article, we describe our observing strategies, data reduction, and interpretation. All of our results confirm and strengthen our classification of the source, and also show that shock-cooling tails associated with type IIb SNe are one of the most prominent contaminants in kilonova searches.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	gravitational waves; techniques: imaging spectroscopy; techniques: photometric; supernovae: general; supernovae: individual: SN 2025ulz; astro-ph.HE; astro-ph.HE; 5101 Astronomical Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics; 5109 Space sciences
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
Date of acceptance:	5 August 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	30 October 2026
Date Deposited:	30 Oct 2026 11:45
Last Modified:	30 Oct 2026 11:45
DOI or ID number:	10.1051/0004-6361/202660729
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29781

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