Brandt, SD, Kavanagh, PV, Westphal, F, Pulver, B, Morton, K, Stratford, A, Dowling, G and Halberstadt, AL (2021) Return of the lysergamides. Part VII: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-valeroyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1V-LSD). Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603

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Abstract

The psychopharmacological properties of the psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have attracted the interest of several generations of scientists. Whilst further explorations involving novel LSD-type compounds are needed to assess their potential as medicinal drugs, the emergence of novel derivatives as recreational drugs has also been observed. 1-Valeroyl-LSD (also known as 1-valeryl-LSD, 1-pentanoyl-LSD, 1V-LSD, or “Valerie”) is a new N1-acylated LSD derivative that recently appeared on the online market and it could be viewed as a higher homolog of ALD-52, 1P-LSD, and 1B-LSD. The present study included the analytical characterization and involved various methods of mass spectrometry (MS), gas- and liquid chromatography (GC and LC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), GC solid-state infrared (GC-sIR) analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The in vivo activity of 1V-LSD was assessed using the mouse head twitch response (HTR), a 5-HT2A-mediated head movement that serves as a behavioral proxy in rodents for human hallucinogenic effects. Similar to LSD and other psychedelic drugs, the HTR induced by 1V-LSD was dose-dependent and the median effective dose for 1V-LSD was 373 nmol/kg, which was about a third of the potency of LSD (ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). Lysergamides containing the N1-substituent typically act as weak partial agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor and are believed to serve as prodrugs for LSD. 1V-LSD is also likely to be hydrolyzed to LSD and serve as a prodrug, but studies to assess the biotransformation and receptor pharmacology of 1V-LSD should be performed to fully elucidate its mechanism-of-action.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Brandt, SD, Kavanagh, PV, Westphal, F, et al. Return of the lysergamides. Part VII: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-valeroyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1V-LSD). Drug Test Anal. 2021; 1- 8. doi:10.1002/dta.3205, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3205. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	0301 Analytical Chemistry, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Subjects:	R Medicine > RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology
Divisions:	Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences
Publisher:	John Wiley and Sons
Date Deposited:	12 Nov 2021 09:46
Last Modified:	10 Mar 2023 10:46
DOI or ID number:	10.1002/dta.3205
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/15774

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