Nongkhai, TN, Maddocks, SE, Phosri, S, Sangthong, S, Pintathong, P, Chaiwut, P, Chandarajpti, K, Nahar, L, Sarker, SD and Theansungnoen, T In vitro cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria and phytochemical analysis of galangal (Alpinia galanga) and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) extracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. ISSN 1661-6596 (Accepted)

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Abstract

Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe) are aromatic rhizomatous plants which are typically used for culinary purposes. These rhizomatous plants have many biological properties and the potential to be of benefit to pharmaceutics. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, with specific focus on acne-causing bacteria, as well as phytochemical constituents of different parts of galangal and bitter ginger. The rhizomes, stems, and leaves of galangal and bitter ginger were separately dried for absolute ethanol and methanol extractions. The extracts were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay (0.005-5000 μg/mL), antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria (0.50- 31.68 mg/mL), in vitro cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts (62.5-1000 μg/mL), as well as analyses of bioactive phytochemicals by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS (500 ppm). The ethanol and methanol extracts of bitter ginger and galangal’s rhizomes (BRhE, BRhM, GRhE, and GRhM), stems (BStE, BStM, GRhE, and GRhM), and leaves (BLeE, BLeM, GLeE, and GLeM), respectively showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The extracts of all parts of bitter ginger and galangal were greatly antioxidant with 0.06–1.42 mg/mL of the IC50 values, while most of the extracts were strongly antimicrobial against C. acnes DMST 14916, particularly BRhM, BRhE, GRhM, and GRhE (MICs: 3.96-7.92 mg/mL). These rhizome extracts had also antimicrobial activities against S. aureus TISTR 746 (MICs: 7.92->31.68 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis TISTR 518 (MICs: 7.92–15.84 mg/mL). The extracts of bitter ginger and galangal rhizomes were not toxic to HaCaT and MRC-5 even at the highest concentrations. By GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis, phytochemicals in bitter ginger rhizome extracts including zerumbone, tectorigenin, piperic acid, demethoxycurcumin, and cirsimaritin, and galangal rhizome extracts including sweroside and neobavaisoflavone were expected to provide the antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Therefore, the results suggest that the bitter ginger and galangal extracts could be natural anti-acne compounds with potential for pharmaceutic, cosmetic and aesthetic applications.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	0399 Other Chemical Sciences; 0604 Genetics; 0699 Other Biological Sciences; Chemical Physics
Subjects:	R Medicine > RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica R Medicine > RV Botanic, Thomsonian, and eclectic medicine
Divisions:	Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Publisher:	MDPI
SWORD Depositor:	A Symplectic
Date Deposited:	08 Oct 2024 10:26
Last Modified:	08 Oct 2024 10:26
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/24440

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