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Irani, I, Morag, J, Gal-Yam, A, Waxman, E, Schulze, S, Sollerman, J, Hinds, KR, Perley, DA, Chen, P, Strotjohann, NL, Yaron, O, Zimmerman, EA, Bruch, R, Ofek, EO, Soumagnac, MT, Yang, Y, Groom, SL, Masci, FJ, Aubert, M, Riddle, R , Bellm, EC and Hale, D (2024) The Early Ultraviolet Light Curves of Type II Supernovae and the Radii of Their Progenitor Stars. Astrophysical Journal, 970. ISSN 0004-637X
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Abstract
We present a sample of 34 normal Type II supernovae (SNe II) detected with the Zwicky Transient Facility, with multiband UV light curves starting at t ≤ 4 days after explosion, and X-ray observations. We characterize the early UV-optical color, provide empirical host-extinction corrections, and show that the t > 2 day UV-optical colors and the blackbody evolution of the sample are consistent with shock cooling (SC) regardless of the presence of “flash ionization” features. We present a framework for fitting SC models that can reproduce the parameters of a set of multigroup simulations up to 20% in radius and velocity. Observations of 15 SNe II are well fit by models with breakout radii <1014 cm. Eighteen SNe are typically more luminous, with observations at t ≥ 1 day that are better fit by a model with a large >1014 cm breakout radius. However, these fits predict an early rise during the first day that is too slow. We suggest that these large-breakout events are explosions of stars with an inflated envelope or with confined circumstellar material (CSM). Using the X-ray data, we derive constraints on the extended (∼1015 cm) CSM density independent of spectral modeling and find that most SN II progenitors lose M ̇ < 10 − 4 M ⊙ yr − 1 up to a few years before explosion. We show that the overall observed breakout radius distribution is skewed to higher radii due to a luminosity bias. We argue that the 66 − 22 + 11 % of red supergiants (RSGs) explode as SNe II with breakout radii consistent with the observed distribution of RSGs, with a tail extending to large radii, likely due to the presence of CSM.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics; 0306 Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural); Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics |
| Divisions: | Astrophysics Research Institute |
| Publisher: | American Astronomical Society |
| SWORD Depositor: | A Symplectic |
| Date Deposited: | 13 Nov 2024 12:33 |
| Last Modified: | 13 Nov 2024 12:45 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.3847/1538-4357/ad3de8 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/24758 |
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