Yuksel, O, Bayraktar, M and Seyhan, A (2024) Environmental and economic analysis of cold ironing using renewable hybrid systems. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. ISSN 1618-954X

Text Environmental and economic analysis of cold ironing using renewable hybrid systems.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only until 6 November 2025. Download (3MB)

Abstract

This paper investigates shore-based photovoltaic (PV)/proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and PV/battery renewable energy (RE) plants for cold ironing (CI) configurations. The hydrogen for PEMFCs is produced in ammonia (NH3) electrolyser by the PV panel-sourced electricity using green, blue or grey NH3 as the feedstock. The system models based on PV technology are developed using minimum, average, and maximum monthly irradiation levels. The environmental and economic analyses benchmark CI based on grid/RE electricity with onboard electricity generation using diesel and dual-fuel systems with light fuel oil (LFO) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Results show that LNG usage in the ship electrification plant reduces equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2e) by 14.27%, sulphur oxides by 90.79%, and nearly eliminates other emissions. Using grid electricity as the CI source cuts CO2e by 58.92%, while the PV/battery system reduces it by 80.73% to 85.82%, depending on irradiation. The PV/PEMFC system with green NH3 achieves the highest CO2e reduction (99.92%–100%), while blue NH3 provides the second largest decrease (97.46%–97.54%). The grid electricity CI has the shortest payback period (PBP) at 2.06 years and a levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of $186.92/MWh. The PV/battery system has an LCOE of $174.67 to $196.52/MWh and a PBP of 6.98 to 8.78 years. The PV/PEMFC system using grey NH3 shows a PBP of 7.78 years, rising to 9.01 years with blue NH3 and 23.69 years with green NH3. LCOE of the PV/PEMFC ranges from $129-$184.18/MWh with grey NH3, $151.94–$233.36/MWh with blue, and $177.09-$359.89/MWh with green NH3.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-03065-w
Uncontrolled Keywords:	05 Environmental Sciences; 06 Biological Sciences; 09 Engineering; Environmental Sciences
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
Divisions:	Engineering
Publisher:	Springer
SWORD Depositor:	A Symplectic
Date Deposited:	15 Nov 2024 16:19
Last Modified:	15 Nov 2024 16:19
DOI or ID number:	10.1007/s10098-024-03065-w
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/24789

View Item