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Nater, A, Mattle-Greminger, M, Nurcahyo, A, Nowak, M, de Manuel, M, Desai, T, Groves, C, Pybus, M, Sonay, T, Roos, C, Lameira, AR, Wich, SA, Askew, J, Davila-Ross, M, Fredriksson, G, de Valles, G, Casals, F, Prado-Martinez, J, Goosens, B, Verschoor, EJ , Warren, KS, Singleton, I, Marques, DA, Pamungkas, J, Perwitasari-Farajallah, D, Rianti, P, Tuuga, A, Gut, IG, Gut, M, Orozco-terWengel, P, van Schaik, CP, Bertranpetit, J, Anisimova, M, Scally, A, Marques-Bonet, T, Meijaard, E and Krutzen, M (2017) Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species. Current Biology. ISSN 1879-0445
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Abstract
Six extant species of non-human great apes are currently recognized: Sumatran and Bornean orangutans, eastern and western gorillas, and chimpanzees and bonobos [1]. However, large gaps remain in our knowledge of fine-scale variation in hominoid morphology, behavior, and genetics, and aspects of great ape taxonomy remain in flux. This is particularly true for orangutans (genus: Pongo), the only Asian great apes and phylogenetically our most distant relatives among extant hominids [1]. Designation of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans, P. pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) and P. abelii (Lesson 1827), as distinct species occurred in 2001 [1, 2]. Here, we show that an isolated population from Batang Toru, at the southernmost range limit of extant Sumatran orangutans south of Lake Toba, is distinct from other northern Sumatran and Bornean populations. By comparing cranio-mandibular and dental characters of an orangutan killed in a human-animal conflict to those of 33 adult male orangutans of a similar developmental stage, we found consistent differences between the Batang Toru individual and other extant Ponginae. Our analyses of 37 orangutan genomes provided a second line of evidence. Model-based approaches revealed that the deepest split in the evolutionary history of extant orangutans occurred ∼3.38 mya between the Batang Toru population and those to the north of Lake Toba, whereas both currently recognized species separated much later, about 674 kya. Our combined analyses support a new classification of orangutans into three extant species. The new species, Pongo tapanuliensis, encompasses the Batang Toru population, of which fewer than 800 individuals survive.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Additional Information: | Correction to this article added: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.020 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | 06 Biological Sciences, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, 17 Psychology And Cognitive Sciences |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QH Natural history Q Science > QH Natural history > QH426 Genetics Q Science > QL Zoology |
| Divisions: | Natural Sciences & Psychology (closed 31 Aug 19) |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| Date Deposited: | 08 Nov 2017 10:26 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Sep 2021 11:02 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/7484 |
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