Wilson, M, Al-Jumeily, D, Abbas, I, Khan, I, Birkett, JW, Tang, L and Assi, S (2023) Palm-sized Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Analytics for the Detection of Endogenous Constituents and Drugs in Human Fingernails. In: 2023 15th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE) . (DeSE2022, Iraq).

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Abstract

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers portable and rapid analysis of endogenous constituents and drugs within fingernails. Fingernails are a useful alternative biological matrix to blood and urine specimen as they provide the advantage of being non-invasive and require minimal sample size (1-3 mm). This work utilised NIR spectroscopy for the detection of (1) drugs in fingernails including benzocaine, calcium carbonate, cocaine hydrochloride (HCl), levamisole HCl, lidocaine HCl and procaine HCl; and (2) endogenous constituents such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water. Fingernails were analysed initially ‘as received’ to identify the aforementioned endogenous constituents. Seven sets of fingernails were then spiked with one the identified drugs and measured over a six-week period. Spectra were exported into Matlab 2019a for spectral interpretation and machine learning analytics (MLAs). MLAs included correlation wavenumber space (CWS), principal component analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Networks Self-Organising Maps (SOM). The results showed that NIR spectra of spiked nails showed key characteristic features at specific wavelengths that corresponded to their spiked drug (1). When combined with CWS and PCA, NIR spectroscopy was able to differentiate between spiked and un-spiked nails and distinguish between the drugs that did not share similar chemical structures. CWS values (r values) and PCA loading scores highlighted spectra/spectral features that were significant. In addition, SOM showed further classes beyond PCA that corresponded to changes in physical properties of the fingernails. Thus, finding confirmed that NIR spectroscopy combined with MLAs possessed the ability to characterise fingernails based on their endogenous constituents and to detect the presence of drugs within fingernails.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
Additional Information:	© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	near-infrared; spectroscopy; near-infrared spectroscopy; machine learning algorithms; fingernails
Subjects:	Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science R Medicine > RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology T Technology > T Technology (General) T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Divisions:	Computer Science & Mathematics Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences
SWORD Depositor:	A Symplectic
Date Deposited:	17 Feb 2023 13:27
Last Modified:	26 Apr 2023 11:12
DOI or ID number:	10.1109/DeSE58274.2023.10100270
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/18921

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