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Thomas, ACQ, Stead, CA, Burniston, JG and Phillips, SM (2024) Exercise-specific adaptations in human skeletal muscle: Molecular mechanisms of making muscles fit and mighty. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 223. pp. 341-356. ISSN 0891-5849
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Exercise specific adaptations in human skeletal muscle Molecular mechanisms of making muscles fit and mighty.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (3MB) | Preview |
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to a predominantly hypertrophied phenotype versus a predominantly oxidative phenotype, the hallmarks of resistance training (RT) or aerobic training (AT), respectively, are being unraveled. In humans, exposure of naïve persons to either AT or RT results in their skeletal muscle exhibiting generic ‘exercise stress-related’ signaling, transcription, and translation responses. However, with increasing engagement in AT or RT, the responses become refined, and the phenotype typically associated with each form of exercise emerges. Here, we review some of the mechanisms underpinning the adaptations of how muscles become, through AT, ‘fit’ and RT, ‘mighty.’ Much of our understanding of molecular exercise physiology has arisen from targeted analysis of post-translational modifications and measures of protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of specific residue sites has been a dominant focus, with canonical signaling pathways (AMPK and mTOR) studied extensively in the context of AT and RT, respectively. These alone, along with protein synthesis, have only begun to elucidate key differences in AT and RT signaling. Still, key yet uncharacterized differences exist in signaling and regulation of protein synthesis that drive unique adaptation to AT and RT. Omic studies are required to better understand the divergent relationship between exercise and phenotypic outcomes of training.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Human; Hypertrophy; Mitochondria; Protein signaling; Protein turnover; 0304 Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry; 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology; 1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine |
| Divisions: | Sport & Exercise Sciences |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| SWORD Depositor: | A Symplectic |
| Date Deposited: | 30 Aug 2024 11:20 |
| Last Modified: | 30 Aug 2024 11:30 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.010 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/24043 |
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