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Roberts, DW, Api, AM, Aptula, A, Lee, I and Moustakas, H (2024) Updating Reaction Mechanistic Domains for Skin Sensitization: 1. Nucleophilic Skin Sensitizers. Chemical Research in Toxicology. ISSN 0893-228X
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Updating Reaction Mechanistic Domains for Skin Sensitization.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (2MB) | Preview |
Abstract
It has long been recognized that skin sensitizers either are electrophilic or can be activated to electrophilic species. Several nonanimal assays for skin sensitization are based on this premise. In the course of a project to update dermal sensitization thresholds (DST), we found a substantial number of sensitizers, with no electrophilic or pro-electrophilic alerts, that could be simply explained in terms of the sensitizer acting as a nucleophile. In some cases, the nucleophilic center is a sulfur or phosphorus atom, while in others, it is an aromatic carbon atom. For carbon-centered nucleophiles, a quantitative mechanistic model based on a combination of Hammett σ+ and logP values has been derived. This has been applied to rationalize several groups of known sensitizers with no electrophilic or pro-electrophilic alerts, including anacardic acids and cardols, which are known human sensitizers associated with, inter alia, cashew nut oil, mango, and Ginkgo biloba. The possibility of nucleophilic sensitization needs to be considered when evaluating new chemicals for skin sensitization potential and potency by nonanimal assays, particularly those based on the premise that skin sensitization is dependent upon reactions of electrophiles with skin protein-based nucleophiles.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | 0302 Inorganic Chemistry; 0304 Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry; 0305 Organic Chemistry; Toxicology |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology R Medicine > R Medicine (General) |
| Divisions: | Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences |
| Publisher: | American Chemical Society (ACS) |
| SWORD Depositor: | A Symplectic |
| Date Deposited: | 13 Nov 2024 11:28 |
| Last Modified: | 13 Nov 2024 11:30 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00207 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/24752 |
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