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O'Brien, TD (2015) Biomechanics and Exercise. PEDIATRIC EXERCISE SCIENCE, 27 (1). pp. 34-38. ISSN 0899-8493
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Abstract
Children develop lower levels of muscle force, and at slower rates, than adults. Whilst strength training in children is expected to reduce this differential, a synchronous adaptation in the tendon must be achieved to ensure forces continue to be transmitted to the skeleton with efficiency whilst minimizing the risk of strain-related tendon injury. We hypothesized that resistance training (RT) would alter tendon mechanical properties in children concomitantly with changes in force production characteristics. Twenty prepubertal children (8.9 ± 0.3 years) were equally divided into control (non-training) and experimental (training) groups. The training group completed a 10-week RT intervention consisting of 2-3 sets of 8-15 plantar flexion contractions performed twice-weekly on a recumbent calf raise machine. Achilles tendon properties (cross-sectional area, elongation, stress, strain, stiffness and Young’s modulus), electromechanical delay (EMD; time between the onset of muscle activity and force), rate of force development (RFD; slope of the force-time curve) and rate of EMG increase (REI; slope of the EMG-time curve) were measured before and after RT. Tendon stiffness and Young’s modulus increased significantly after RT in the experimental group only (~29% and ~25%, respectively); all other tendon properties were not significantly altered, although there were mean decreases in both peak tendon strain and strain at a given force level (14% and 24%, respectively (n.s)) which may have implications for tendon injury risk and muscle fiber mechanics. A ~13% decrease in EMD was found after RT for the experimental group which paralleled the increase in tendon stiffness (r = -0.59), however RFD and REI were unchanged. The present data show that the Achilles tendon adapts to RT in prepubertal children and is paralleled by a change in EMD, although the magnitude of this change did not appear to be sufficient to influence RFD. These findings are of potential importance within the context of the efficiency and execution of movement.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Additional Information: | As accepted for publication |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | 1106 Human Movement And Sports Science, 1114 Paediatrics And Reproductive Medicine, 1302 Curriculum And Pedagogy |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine |
| Divisions: | Sport & Exercise Sciences |
| Publisher: | HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC |
| Related URLs: | |
| Date Deposited: | 16 Dec 2015 10:38 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Sep 2021 13:44 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1123/pes.2015-0033 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/2479 |
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