Iqbal, N, Bano, A, Raja, DA, Raza, A, Ilyas, R, Akhlaq, R, Saleem, I, Ahmed, A, Musharraf, SG and Malik, MI (2024) Enhancement in the antibacterial activity of Rifaximin by delivery through gelatin nanoparticles. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 50 (9). pp. 789-800. ISSN 0363-9045

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Abstract

Objectives: Bacterial infections are a noteworthy global health concern that necessitates the development of new strategies to enhance the potency and efficacy of antibiotics. Rifaximin (RFX), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, exhibits promising antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains. However, its insolubility and impermeability impede the exploitation of its full potential. The objective of the current study is to overcome the inherent caveats of RFX to exploit its maximum potential. Significance: The exploitation of the full potential of antibiotics is necessary for reduction in their dosage and to minimize antibiotic pollution. This is a preliminary study aiming for maximum utilization of RFX at the target site and reduction in its release in unmetabolized form. Methods: Gelatin is a biopolymer that has gained significant attention for biomedical applications owing to its inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, bovine gelatin nanoparticles (BGNPs) were fabricated by the self-assembly method for their application as a carrier of RFX to enhance its antibacterial activity. The study employs a comprehensive range of experimental techniques to characterize the fabricated BGNPs such as DLS, Zeta Potential, FT-IR, AFM, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The average size of the fabricated BGNPs was 100 nm with a zeta potential value of −15.3 mV. The loading of RFX on BGNPs rendered an increase in its size to 136 nm with a zeta potential value of −16 mV. In-vitro assays and microscopic analyses were conducted to compare the antibacterial efficacy of RFX and RFX@BGNPs. An excellent loading capacity followed by sustained release of RFX from RFX@BGNPs rendered a significant enhancement in its pharmaceutical efficacy. The release of RFX from RFX@BGNPs followed the Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The antibacterial efficacy of RFX against Staphylococcus aureus has doubled by delivery through RFX@BGNPs, assessed by inhibitory and biofilm inhibitory assays. The enhancement in the antibacterial efficiency was further endorsed by SEM and microscopic imaging of the control and treated bacterial colonies. Conclusion: The study demonstrates an enhancement in the antimicrobial efficacy of RFX by its delivery in the form of RFX@BGNPs to exploit its full potential for practical applications.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This is an Accepted Manuscript version of the following article, accepted for publication in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. Iqbal, N., Bano, A., Raja, D. A., Raza, A., Ilyas, R., Akhlaq, R., … Malik, M. I. (2024). Enhancement in the antibacterial activity of Rifaximin by delivery through gelatin nanoparticles. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 50(9), 789–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2024.2405622. It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (Deed - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International - Creative Commons ), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Rifaximin (RFX); bovine gelatin nanoparticles (BGNPs); Staphylococcus aureus; RFX@BGNPs; Biofilm inhibition; Animals; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Rifamycins; Gelatin; Drug Carriers; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Particle Size; Nanoparticles; Drug Liberation; Rifaximin; Biofilm inhibition; RFX@BGNPs; Rifaximin (RFX); Staphylococcus aureus; bovine gelatin nanoparticles (BGNPs); Rifaximin; Gelatin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Animals; Particle Size; Cattle; Staphylococcus aureus; Drug Carriers; Rifamycins; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Escherichia coli; Infectious Diseases; Nanotechnology; Bioengineering; Emerging Infectious Diseases; 5.1 Pharmaceuticals; Infection; Rifaximin; Gelatin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Animals; Particle Size; Cattle; Staphylococcus aureus; Drug Carriers; Rifamycins; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Escherichia coli; 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Subjects:	R Medicine > R Medicine (General) R Medicine > RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica
Divisions:	Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Publisher:	Taylor and Francis Group
SWORD Depositor:	A Symplectic
Date Deposited:	14 Jan 2025 11:45
Last Modified:	14 Jan 2025 11:45
DOI or ID number:	10.1080/03639045.2024.2405622
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25264

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