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Walker, RL, O'Brien, TD, Barton, GJ, Carter, B, Wright, DM and Foster, RJ (2025) Are challenging walking environments linked to falls or risk of falling in children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review. Gait Posture, 117. pp. 306-316. ISSN 0966-6362
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Abstract
Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) regularly fall over and this has negative effects on their physical and psychosocial wellbeing (e.g., reduced activity participation). However, the reasons for falls are not well understood. The way in which children negotiate challenging walking environments (e.g., uneven surfaces), may reveal more about how falls occur as these environments require gait modifications to maintain stability. Stability in challenging walking environments has been explored for children with CP; however, it remains unclear how these lead to falls. Research question: Do challenging walking environments that mimic those faced in the real-world, contribute to increased fall occurrence and fall risk in children with CP? Methods: Five databases were searched, and 1386 records screened to include ambulatory children with CP, aged 5–18 years old, investigating dynamic walking in challenging environments, with outcomes of fall occurrence or fall risk. The full protocol for this review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021290456). Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. One study reported occurrence of stumbles, two reported no falls. Fifteen studies identified gait alterations used by children with CP in challenging environments. Twentyfour gait characteristics were identified to be indicative of cautious walking strategies and seven gait characteristics identified to increase fall risk, suggesting a potential link. However, limited evidence exists as to whether this reflects falls faced in the real-world. Significance: Investigations into stability over challenging walking environments for children with CP are lacking any measures of fall occurrence. Investigations into the mechanisms that may contribute to high fall risk, or fall avoidance when negotiating obstacles, uneven surfaces, steep declines and stairs may reveal further causes of real-world falls, and in doing so inform future fall prevention techniques. Finally, understanding the multifaceted causes of falls in real-world challenging environments from the perspectives of children with CP is key for future research.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Cerebral Palsy; Challenging environments; Child; Fall; Real-world; Stability; Clinical Research; Patient Safety; Neurosciences; Pediatric; Rehabilitation; Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects; Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period; Brain Disorders; Cerebral Palsy; Injuries and accidents; 0913 Mechanical Engineering; 1103 Clinical Sciences; 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences; Orthopedics |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine R Medicine > RJ Pediatrics > RJ101 Child Health. Child health services |
| Divisions: | Sport and Exercise Sciences |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| SWORD Depositor: | A Symplectic |
| Date Deposited: | 23 Jan 2025 16:20 |
| Last Modified: | 23 Jan 2025 16:30 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.01.008 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25394 |
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