Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. I: Luminosity Function, Volumetric Rate

Das, KK, Kasliwal, MM, Fremling, C, Sollerman, J, Perley, D ORCID: 0000-0001-8472-1996, De, K, Tzanidakis, A, Sit, T, Adams, S, Anand, S, Ahumuda, T, Andreoni, I, Brennan, S, Brink, T, Bruch, RJ, Chen, P, Chu, MR, Cook, DO, Covarrubias, S, Dahiwale, A et al (2025) Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. I: Luminosity Function, Volumetric Rate. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 137 (4). pp. 1-24. ISSN 0004-6280

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Abstract

We present the luminosity function and volumetric rate of a sample of Type IIP supernovae (SNe) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe survey (CLU). This is the largest sample of Type IIP SNe from a systematic volume-limited survey to-date. The final sample includes 330 Type IIP SNe and 36 low-luminosity Type II (LLIIP) SNe with Mr,peak > −16 mag, which triples the literature sample of LLIIP SNe. The fraction of LLIIP SNe is 19−4+3% of the total CLU Type IIP SNe population ( 8−2+1% of all core-collapse SNe). This implies that while LLIIP SNe likely represent the fate of core-collapse SNe of 8–12 M⊙ progenitors, they alone cannot account for the fate of all massive stars in this mass range. To derive an absolute rate, we estimate the ZTF pipeline efficiency as a function of the apparent magnitude and the local surface brightness. We derive a volumetric rate of (3.9−0.4+0.4)×104Gpc−3yr−1 for Type IIP SNe and (7.3−0.6+0.6)×103Gpc−3yr−1 for LLIIP SNe. Now that the rate of LLIIP SNe is robustly derived, the unresolved discrepancy between core-collapse SN rates and star formation rates cannot be explained by LLIIP SNe alone.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	IOP Publishing LTD on behalf of Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Date of acceptance:	9 April 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	1 May 2025
Date Deposited:	01 May 2025 15:23
Last Modified:	03 Jul 2025 13:45
DOI or ID number:	10.1088/1538-3873/adcaeb
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26292

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