Using exploratory structural equation modelling to examine the psychometric properties of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale

Denovan, A and Dagnall, N (2025) Using exploratory structural equation modelling to examine the psychometric properties of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. Current Psychology. ISSN 1046-1310

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Abstract

Investigators frequently use the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) to evaluate the extent to which external demands exceed perceived capacity to manage pressure. Analysts utilizing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assert that a bifactor model best fits PSS-10 data, though support exists for a two-factor conceptualisation. Since theorists contend that CFA has limitations, this paper assessed whether exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) provided a superior factorial solution. Accordingly, this research assessed the adequacy of two-factor vs. bifactor models using CFA and ESEM. Additionally, analyses tested convergent validity, invariance, and predictive validity in relation to well-being outcomes (Life Satisfaction and Somatic Complaints). In Study 1, 1556 (802 males, 754 females) UK-based participants completed the PSS-10 at time points six months apart. In Study 2, 1630 (838 males, 784 females, eight non-binary) UK-based participants completed the PSS-10 alongside measures of Life Satisfaction and Somatic Complaints. Study 1, using latent modelling, found that the two-factor ESEM model (containing Distress and Counter-Stress factors) produced superior fit (vs. CFA and bifactor solutions). In Study 2, structural equation modelling revealed acceptable predictive validity for the two-factor solution; Distress predicted Somatic Complaints and Counter-Stress predicted Life Satisfaction. Gender (Study 1 and 2) and time (Study 1) demonstrated measurement invariance. Latent means across studies indicated that females (vs. males) scored higher on Distress. Overall, ESEM estimated the PSS-10 more accurately. Findings supported the utility of Distress and Counter-Stress factors for predicting well-being indicators. Future research is necessary to consider this distinction in relation to allied health outcomes.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	1701 Psychology; 1702 Cognitive Sciences; Social Psychology; 52 Psychology
Subjects:	B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Divisions:	Psychology (from Sep 2019)
Publisher:	Springer
Date of acceptance:	3 June 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	17 June 2025
Date Deposited:	17 Jun 2025 15:45
Last Modified:	17 Jun 2025 16:00
DOI or ID number:	10.1007/s12144-025-08061-x
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26605

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