Inferring CSM properties of Type II SNe using a magnitude-limited ZTF sample

Hinds, KR ORCID: 0000-0002-0129-806X, Perley, DA ORCID: 0000-0001-8472-1996, Sollerman, J ORCID: 0000-0003-1546-6615, Miller, AA ORCID: 0000-0001-9515-478X, Fremling, C, Moriya, TJ ORCID: 0000-0003-1169-1954, Das, KK, Qin, YJ ORCID: 0000-0003-3658-6026, Bellm, EC, Chen, TX, Coughlin, M ORCID: 0000-0002-8262-2924, Jacobson-Galán, WV ORCID: 0000-0002-3934-2644, Kasliwal, M ORCID: 0000-0002-5619-4938, Kulkarni, S, Masci, FJ, Mahabal, AA ORCID: 0000-0003-2242-0244, Pessi, PJ ORCID: 0000-0002-8041-8559, Purdum, J, Riddle, R ORCID: 0000-0002-0387-370X, Singh, A et al (2025) Inferring CSM properties of Type II SNe using a magnitude-limited ZTF sample. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 541 (1). pp. 135-165. ISSN 0035-8711

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Abstract

Although all Type II supernovae (SNe) originate from massive stars possessing a hydrogen-rich envelope, their light-curve morphology is diverse, reflecting poorly characterized heterogeneity in the physical properties of their progenitor systems. Here, we present a detailed light-curve analysis of a magnitude-limited sample of 639 Type II SNe from the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey. Using Gaussian processes, we systematically measure empirical light-curve features (e.g. rise times, peak colours, and luminosities) in a robust sampling-independent manner. We focus on rise times as they are highly sensitive to pre-explosion progenitor properties, especially the presence of a dense circumstellar medium (CSM) shed by the progenitor in the years immediately pre-explosion. By correlating our feature measurements with physical parameters from an extensive grid of stella hydrodynamical models with varying progenitor properties (CSM structure,, and), we quantify the proportion of events with sufficient pre-explosion mass loss to significantly alter the initial light curve (roughly) in a highly complete sample of 377 spectroscopically classified Type II SNe. We find that 67 6 per cent of observed SNe in our magnitude-limited sample show evidence for substantial CSM () close to the progenitor (M cm) at the time of explosion. After applying a volumetric-correction, we find 36 per cent of all Type II SN progenitors possess substantial CSM within cm at the time of explosion. This high fraction of progenitors with dense CSM, supported by photometric and spectroscopic evidence of previous SNe, reveals mass-loss rates significantly exceeding those measured in local group red supergiants or predicted by current theoretical models.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	5101 Astronomical Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences; Astronomy & Astrophysics; 5101 Astronomical sciences; 5107 Particle and high energy physics; 5109 Space sciences
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Date of acceptance:	28 May 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	28 August 2025
Date Deposited:	28 Aug 2025 11:49
Last Modified:	28 Aug 2025 12:00
DOI or ID number:	10.1093/mnras/staf888
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27038

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