Extremely stripped supernova reveals a silicon and sulfur formation site

Schulze, S ORCID: 0000-0001-6797-1889, Gal-Yam, A ORCID: 0000-0002-3653-5598, Dessart, L, Miller, AA ORCID: 0000-0001-9515-478X, Woosley, SE, Yang, Y, Bulla, M ORCID: 0000-0002-8255-5127, Yaron, O, Sollerman, J ORCID: 0000-0003-1546-6615, Filippenko, AV, Hinds, K-R, Perley, DA ORCID: 0000-0001-8472-1996, Tsuna, D ORCID: 0000-0002-6347-3089, Lunnan, R ORCID: 0000-0001-9454-4639, Sarin, N, Brennan, SJ, Brink, TG ORCID: 0000-0001-5955-2502, Bruch, RJ, Chen, P ORCID: 0000-0003-0853-6427, Das, KK et al (2025) Extremely stripped supernova reveals a silicon and sulfur formation site. Nature, 644 (8077). pp. 634-639. ISSN 0028-0836

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Abstract

Stars are initially powered by the fusion of hydrogen to helium. These ashes serve as fuel in a series of stages1-3, transforming massive stars into a structure of shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by He, C/O, O/Ne/Mg and O/Si/S (refs. 4,5). Silicon and sulfur are fused into iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the formation of a black hole6-9. Stripped stars, in which the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich or even the C/O layer below it is exposed10, provide evidence for this shell structure and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The supernova types that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (CSM) confirm this scenario11-15. However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for producing elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking. Here we report the discovery of the supernova (SN) 2021yfj resulting from a star stripped to its O/Si/S-rich layer. We directly observe a thick, massive Si/S-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the supernova explosion. Exposing such an inner stellar layer is theoretically challenging and probably requires a rarely observed mass-loss mechanism. This rare supernova event reveals advanced stages of stellar evolution, forming heavier elements, including silicon, sulfur and argon, than those detected on the surface of any known class of massive stars.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	37 Earth Sciences; 51 Physical Sciences; 5101 Astronomical Sciences; 3705 Geology; General Science & Technology
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	Nature Research
Date of acceptance:	9 July 2025
Date Deposited:	28 Aug 2025 15:14
Last Modified:	28 Aug 2025 15:15
DOI or ID number:	10.1038/s41586-025-09375-3
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27040

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