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George, NA, Pan, D, Silva, L, Baggaley, RF, Irizar, P 
ORCID: 0000-0003-0078-1372, Divall, P, Al-Oraibi, A, Khan, DP, Martin, CA, Nazareth, J, Collins, I, Chew, SL, Nellums, LB and Pareek, M
(2025)
The prevalence and risk of mortality associated with antimicrobial resistance within nosocomial settings—a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 20,000 patients.
eClinicalMedicine, 87.
103384- 103384.
ISSN 2589-5370
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Abstract
Background: Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a leading cause of death globally. However, there has been no data synthesis on whether it influences mortality within hospital settings. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the prevalence and risk of mortality associated in hospitalised patients with AMR, compared to patients with infections not classified as AMR. Methods: Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library) were searched from inception up to 14th April 2025 for studies that reported the prevalence of AMR in patients who acquired infections in hospitals and mortality (PROSPERO CRD42023420609). We calculated pooled prevalence estimates of AMR as well as unadjusted and adjusted estimates of the effect of AMR on mortality using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Quality Appraisal Tool, risk of bias using DOI plots and LFK index and certainty of evidence of mortality using GRADE criteria. Findings: We identified 34 studies (20,658 patients with resistant organisms) from 18 countries–namely the USA, China, the UK, Canada, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, Brazil, and Singapore. Of these, 33 were observational studies whilst two studies (one observational study and one purely modelling study) mechanistically modelled risk of mortality in relation to transmission. No studies were conducted in the African subcontinent, the Middle-East, Russia, and India. The prevalence of AMR was high in patients in hospital (pooled prevalence: 36.5%, 95% CI: 29%–44%, I2= 99%) and associated with higher mortality (unadjusted pooled risk ratio [RR]: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.37–1.97, I2= 96.22%, τ2= 0.20; adjusted pooled RR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.33–1.87, I2= 85.9%, τ2= 0.13) compared to non-AMR organisms. Sensitivity analyses showed particularly elevated risks for in-hospital mortality and for AMR-associated bacteraemia. Study quality was generally rated to be high, but there was evidence of publication bias in estimates of both prevalence and mortality. Overall certainty of evidence of mortality was graded to be low. Interpretation: AMR is highly prevalent within hospital settings globally and associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Crucially, no data was identified from the India subcontinent, African subcontinent, the Middle East, and Russia, and only two studies used mechanistic modelling to explore how transmission of AMR affects mortality. Further research is required, particularly in underrepresented regions to inform interventions aimed at reducing both AMR transmission and its related mortality within hospital settings. Funding: Pacific Life.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Antimicrobial resistance; Bacterial; Global; Modelling studies; Mortality; 3207 Medical Microbiology; 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; 3202 Clinical Sciences; Infection; 3 Good Health and Well Being; 3202 Clinical sciences; 4203 Health services and systems; 4206 Public health |
| Subjects: | B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology Q Science > QR Microbiology > QR180 Immunology |
| Divisions: | Psychology (from Sep 2019) |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| Date of acceptance: | 11 July 2025 |
| Date of first compliant Open Access: | 20 October 2025 |
| Date Deposited: | 20 Oct 2025 09:34 |
| Last Modified: | 20 Oct 2025 09:45 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103384 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27374 |
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