Spatial and Temporal Determinants of Anxiety in a Wild Arboreal Primate

Parker, EJ ORCID: 0000-0001-8322-5480, Hill, RA and Koyama, NF ORCID: 0000-0002-3912-1550 (2025) Spatial and Temporal Determinants of Anxiety in a Wild Arboreal Primate. Ecology and Evolution, 15 (11). ISSN 2045-7758

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Abstract

The fear of being eaten can manifest as anxiety in prey species. In captive primates, anxiety‐related behaviours (such as scratching and self‐grooming) typically increase when exposed to a predator model. Despite this, it remains largely unknown whether the perception of predation risk can evoke anxiety, particularly in wild primates. We collected focal observations from adult females from two habituated groups of wild samango monkeys over 12 months to explore whether scratching increased in areas associated with higher perceived predation risk. To validate scratching as an anxiety‐related behaviour, we compared the rates of scratching following an alarm call to a control period. We found scratching occurred significantly more often after an eagle alarm call relative to baseline levels, indicating this may be a reliable anxiety‐related behaviour. We then used a generalised linear mixed model to predict the rate of scratching as a function of perceived predation risk and factors potentially associated with risk. Scratching increased in the summer months and towards the end of the day, but was not influenced by perceived predation risk. Our findings suggest that samangos may adopt other behavioural strategies to mitigate anxiety in ‘high‐risk’ areas, and that anxiety may be reactive, rather than pre‐emptive, in response to predation risk. We propose that scratching may be a useful indicator of reactive anxiety in wild primates and can help to improve knowledge on the environmental factors that induce acute stress in wild populations.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	0602 Ecology; 0603 Evolutionary Biology; 3103 Ecology; 3104 Evolutionary biology; 4102 Ecological applications
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology S Agriculture > SF Animal culture
Divisions:	Biological and Environmental Sciences (from Sep 19)
Publisher:	Wiley
Date of acceptance:	7 November 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	19 November 2025
Date Deposited:	19 Nov 2025 09:54
Last Modified:	19 Nov 2025 10:00
DOI or ID number:	10.1002/ece3.72528
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27591

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