More than a whistle: examining the role of organizational culture and talent development in football referee progression

Taylor, A, Batey, M, Powell, D, Patra, A, Denovan, A ORCID: 0000-0002-9082-7225 and Dagnall, N (2025) More than a whistle: examining the role of organizational culture and talent development in football referee progression. Frontiers in Psychology, 16.

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Abstract

Talent development is a foundational process that enables performance, facilitates the realization of potential, and promotes positive engagement with growth opportunities. In the context of football, this is important to referee bodies because of the need to attract, retain, and progress officials. Noting high referee attrition and a shortage of elite officials, this study examined how conscientiousness, mental toughness, and organizational culture influenced referees’ perceptions of talent development. One hundred and eighty-one referees, categorized by the highest level at which they had officiated, completed self-report measures. Analysis revealed a significant main effect of referee level on perceptions of talent development. Officials at intermediate level 4 reported a specific drop in talent development, particularly in Holistic Quality Preparation (integrated development) and Support Network (availability of assistance), indicating a developmental bottleneck. Further comparisons among the most experienced officials found that while conscientiousness and mental toughness did not differ, Super-Elite (i.e., international medal winning) versus Elite (i.e., high ranking) referees held significantly more positive perceptions of organizational culture and talent development. Thus, while a baseline level of psychological resources is essential for officiating, perceived quality of organizational environment distinguishes between those at the highest levels of refereeing.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	1701 Psychology; 1702 Cognitive Sciences; 32 Biomedical and clinical sciences; 52 Psychology
Subjects:	B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Divisions:	Psychology (from Sep 2019)
Publisher:	Frontiers Media SA
Date of acceptance:	3 November 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	8 December 2025
Date Deposited:	08 Dec 2025 11:15
Last Modified:	08 Dec 2025 11:15
DOI or ID number:	10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1701987
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27681

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