How many strides are needed for reliable markerless gait analysis?

Carvalho, A ORCID: 0000-0003-4469-2021, Vanrenterghem, J, Pataky, TC, Robinson, MA ORCID: 0000-0002-5627-492X, Veloso, AP and Moniz-Pereira, V (2025) How many strides are needed for reliable markerless gait analysis? Gait and Posture, 123. p. 110020. ISSN 0966-6362

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Abstract

Background/Aim: Markerless motion capture is an emerging tool for gait analysis. In some populations, e.g., older adults, traditional gait analysis poses practical challenges, such as reduced assessment tolerance, and the number of strides collected can be limited. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the number of strides on test-retest reliability and measurement error of markerless gait biomechanics in older adults. Methods: Twenty strides were extracted from 29 healthy older adults for each of two sessions. Lower-limb kinematics and kinetics were computed. Subsequently, non-consecutive random subsets of k = 2–19 strides were averaged within-subjects and within-sessions, including scenarios with unequal k between sessions. Integrated Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (iICCA,k) and Standard Errors of Measurement (SEM) were calculated for trajectory data. ICCA,k [Confidence Intervals] were computed for the range of motion and peaks. Two arbitrary thresholds for the minimally acceptable number of strides were combined: (1) the smallest k that yielded an ICC within 10 % of the maximum ICC across all k, and (2) an absolute ICC threshold of 0.75. SEM≤ 2º was deemed suitable for kinematics, and SEM%≤ 5 % for kinetics. Results: For joint angles and moments, iICC dropped less than 10 % from the highest iICC when using ≥ 7 strides with an equal number of strides across sessions, attaining iICCs≥ 0.75. Reducing the number of strides in one session had less impact than reducing both equally. Lower Confidence intervals were generally ≥ 0.75 for discrete parameters. Kinematic SEM rarely exceeds 2º. Globally, 4 strides are needed to have a kinetics SEM%≤ 5 %. Conclusion: A minimum of 7 strides contributing to the average observation is generally sufficient to achieve reliable markerless kinematics and kinetics in older adults. These results have particular relevance to populations who may experience limited tolerance for lengthy assessments. Allowing flexibility in stride number collected across sessions, while maintaining reliability, contributes to optimizing data collection strategies.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Lower Extremity; Humans; Gait; Range of Motion, Articular; Reproducibility of Results; Aged; Middle Aged; Female; Male; Biomechanical Phenomena; Gait Analysis; Biomechanics; Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; Older adults; Standard Error of Measurement; Test-retest; Humans; Gait Analysis; Biomechanical Phenomena; Aged; Male; Female; Reproducibility of Results; Gait; Range of Motion, Articular; Middle Aged; Lower Extremity; 4201 Allied Health and Rehabilitation Science; 42 Health Sciences; 4207 Sports Science and Exercise; Aging; Bioengineering; Humans; Gait Analysis; Biomechanical Phenomena; Aged; Male; Female; Reproducibility of Results; Gait; Range of Motion, Articular; Middle Aged; Lower Extremity; 0913 Mechanical Engineering; 1103 Clinical Sciences; 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences; Orthopedics; 4003 Biomedical engineering; 4201 Allied health and rehabilitation science; 4207 Sports science and exercise
Subjects:	R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine
Divisions:	Sport and Exercise Sciences
Publisher:	Elsevier BV
Date of acceptance:	21 October 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	23 December 2025
Date Deposited:	23 Dec 2025 09:31
Last Modified:	23 Dec 2025 09:31
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.110020
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27771

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