Thermal drones aid to uncover nocturnal subgrouping patterns of a diurnal primate

Pinel-Ramos, E, Spaan, D, Wich, S ORCID: 0000-0003-3954-5174 and Aureli, F ORCID: 0000-0002-0671-013X Thermal drones aid to uncover nocturnal subgrouping patterns of a diurnal primate. Drones. ISSN 2504-446X (Accepted)

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Abstract

Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) have traditionally been described as strictly diurnal primates, with only low levels of activity during the night. Consequently, little attention has been given to the possibility of nocturnal movements and social dynamics occurring at sleeping sites. Recent advances in technologies, such as drone-based thermal infrared imaging (TIR), provide new opportunities to explore behavioral patterns that were previously un- detectable through ground-based observations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether Geoffroy´s spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) change their subgroup size once they are at their sleeping sites by comparing the numbers of monkeys detected after sunset with those detected before sunrise using TIR drone surveys. We conducted TIR drone flights over four sleeping sites of well-habituated Geoffroy´s spider monkey groups in Los Árboles Tulum, in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. We carried out 18 flight pairs: 18 flights at sunset when the majority of individual spider monkeys were expected to have arrived at the sleeping sites, and 18 flights the next following morning at sunrise, before the monkeys began their daily movements. Our results revealed that in 12 out of the 18 flight pairs (67%), the number of monkeys counted at sunset differed from the number counted at sunrise. In 58% of these 12 flight pairs, more monkeys were counted at sunrise than at sunset. Furthermore, when changes in subgroup size occurred, they were more frequent (67%) when the subgroups at sleeping sites were larger (>10 monkeys). These changes in subgroup size are consistent with the occurrence of fissions and fusions continuing after dark. This study provides preliminary evidence that Geoffroy’s spider monkeys are more active during the night than generally assumed. Furthermore, our results highlight the value of TIR drones as an effective tool for studying primate social dynamics under low-light conditions. Unlike traditional ground-based observations, which depend on natural light, TIR drones allow for accurate and reliable monitoring throughout the night. By providing access to behavioral information that would otherwise remain hidden, this technology opens new possibilities for understanding the full temporal range of activity of diurnal species.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	40 Engineering; 46 Information and computing sciences
Subjects:	Q Science > QL Zoology T Technology > T Technology (General)
Divisions:	Biological and Environmental Sciences (from Sep 19)
Publisher:	MDPI AG
Date of acceptance:	3 February 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	6 February 2026
Date Deposited:	06 Feb 2026 08:23
Last Modified:	06 Feb 2026 08:23
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28044

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