Investigation and comparison of the performance of various throat spray devices using different types of nanoformulations with encapsulated lidocaine as a local anaesthetic

Khan, I ORCID: 0000-0002-4206-7663, Chang, K, Alsaadi, I, Hussein, NR, Thevarkattil, AM, Khan, SA, Sadozai, SK, Shehzad, A and Bnyan, R (2025) Investigation and comparison of the performance of various throat spray devices using different types of nanoformulations with encapsulated lidocaine as a local anaesthetic. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 114 (B). ISSN 1773-2247

Preview

Text Investigation and comparison of the performance of various throat spray devices using different types of nanoformulations with encapsulated lidocaine as a local anaesthetic.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (6MB) | Preview

Abstract

Lidocaine is most often employed as a local anaesthetic via the parenteral route, whereas advanced drug delivery systems are a key concept using needle-free formulations for improved drug stability, deposition, and sustained release. Three delivery systems (liposomes, ethanol-based proliposomes, and proniosomes) were prepared with and without cholesterol and delivered via four commercially available throat spray devices (referred to as A, B, C, and D) for their performance and deposition. Formulations without cholesterol demonstrated higher drug entrapment and release. Upon analysis, spray device A demonstrated lower numbers of actuations for priming and tailing-off phases and higher numbers of full actuations; thus, it delivered a lower number of total actuations. Therefore, each shot weight delivered a larger amount of formulation (189 mg; an average of all formulations) using spray device A than counterpart devices. Spray device A showed significantly superior plume geometry (including plume angle (59°), plume width (14 cm), and total plume length (54 cm) (an average of all three formulations)). Furthermore, spray device A showed a round-shaped spray pattern with an ovality ratio of 1.05 when compared to the crescent, oval, and irregular/star-shaped patterns and ovality ratios of 1.19, 1.07, and 1.16 by devices B, C, and D, respectively. In addition, spray device A exhibited longer phases (i.e., formation, evolution, and dissipation) and higher mass output, drug output, drug deposition, and aerosol output rate. Thus, spray device A and formulations without cholesterol were identified as the best combination for their superior performance and targeted drug delivery.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	3206 Medical Biotechnology; 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences; Bioengineering; 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; 3214 Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Subjects:	R Medicine > R Medicine (General) R Medicine > RS Pharmacy and materia medica
Divisions:	Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Publisher:	Elsevier
Date of acceptance:	4 October 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	6 February 2026
Date Deposited:	06 Feb 2026 08:33
Last Modified:	06 Feb 2026 08:33
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107619
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28052

View Item