The influence of low and high spatial frequency visual information on the anticipation of soccer penalty kicks

Roberts, JW ORCID: 0000-0001-6204-5325, Harris, K, Upshaw, T, Gillen, L, Causer, J ORCID: 0000-0002-8939-8769 and Bennett, SJ ORCID: 0000-0002-8673-0164 (2026) The influence of low and high spatial frequency visual information on the anticipation of soccer penalty kicks. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. p. 103092. ISSN 1469-0292 (Accepted)

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Abstract

Research on anticipation within sport has been recently advanced by the isolation of visual spatial frequencies. The present study seeks to adapt this body of work for the context of anticipating penalty kicks within soccer. Across two experiments, participants had to anticipate the direction of pre-recorded penalty kicks that were occluded at the point of ball contact. The penalty kicks were presented with low (LSF; ‘blurred’), high (HSF; ‘edge detection’ [i.e., sharp image outlines]) or unfiltered (i.e., original footage) spatial frequencies. Experiment 1 involved a lab-controlled setting using a life-sized display of the non-deceptive penalty kicks with outfield participants, which indicated no effect of visual condition. Experiment 2 involved a remote online protocol that displayed deceptive and non-deceptive penalty kicks with goalkeeper participants. While there was a decline in the anticipation of deceptive compared to non-deceptive kicks for the unfiltered condition, there was no such decline for the LSF and HSF conditions. We suggest that the LSF and HSF conditions were able to overcome deception because of the isolating global kinematic and local detailed cues, respectively.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	11 Medical and Health Sciences; 13 Education; 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences; Sport Sciences; 5201 Applied and developmental psychology
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GV Recreation Leisure > GV561 Sports
Divisions:	Sport and Exercise Sciences
Publisher:	Elsevier BV
Date of acceptance:	17 February 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	18 February 2026
Date Deposited:	18 Feb 2026 15:51
Last Modified:	18 Feb 2026 15:51
DOI or ID number:	10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103092
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28118

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