Digestive Vulnerability and Exercise Exposure as Correlates of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Race Withdrawal in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Athletes

Mauvieux, B ORCID: 0000-0003-4862-6531, Mahon, E ORCID: 0000-0002-5910-0220, Markov, A ORCID: 0000-0002-1855-5552, Slamani, A ORCID: 0009-0004-0637-5396, Fresneau, M ORCID: 0009-0009-5299-2949, Berthou, A ORCID: 0009-0007-2166-3670, Le Chevert, E ORCID: 0009-0004-7498-7474, Pugh, J ORCID: 0000-0002-5930-4709 and Edwards, BJ ORCID: 0000-0001-8913-0941 (2026) Digestive Vulnerability and Exercise Exposure as Correlates of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Race Withdrawal in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Athletes. Nutrients, 18 (7). ISSN 2072-6643

Preview

Text nutrients-18-01033.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (1MB) | Preview

Abstract

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in endurance and ultra-endurance sports and may impair performance or lead to race withdrawal. While nutritional strategies are frequently emphasized, the respective roles of baseline digestive susceptibility and cumulative exercise exposure remain insufficiently characterized.

Methods: Two complementary cross-sectional questionnaire-based studies were conducted in endurance athletes. Study 1 included 230 ultra-trail runners and examined determinants of systematic GI symptoms during competition using a composite digestive vulnerability (DV) score reflecting susceptibility indicators. Study 2 included 497 endurance and ultra-endurance athletes from multiple disciplines and investigated multivariable correlates of GI symptoms and GI-related race withdrawal, integrating training-related GI symptoms (proxy of digestive vulnerability), habitual competition duration (≥6 h), sport category and specific digestive symptoms. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age and sex.

Results: In Study 1, the DV score was independently associated with systematic GI symptoms during competition (adjusted OR per point = 1.93, 95% CI 1.33–2.80). In Study 2, athletes reporting GI symptoms during training had markedly higher odds of experiencing GI symptoms during competition (adjusted OR = 3.96, 95% CI 2.67–5.87). Habitual exposure to events lasting ≥6 h was independently associated with increased odds of GI-related race withdrawal (adjusted OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.35–3.78). GI symptoms during competition represented the strongest proximal correlate of withdrawal (adjusted OR = 7.04, 95% CI 4.00–12.30), indicating a sequential relationship between baseline digestive vulnerability, symptom expression during competition and race termination. After adjustment for digestive vulnerability and exercise exposure, no individual nutritional category remained independently associated with GI outcomes.

Conclusions: Gastrointestinal symptoms and race withdrawal in endurance athletes were more consistently associated with digestive vulnerability expressed during training and cumulative exercise exposure than with isolated nutritional items. These findings support a vulnerability–exposure framework in which individual digestive susceptibility interacts with prolonged physiological stress during endurance exercise. Identifying athletes with elevated digestive vulnerability during training may represent a practical strategy to improve individualized nutritional preparation and reduce GI-related race interruption.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	0908 Food Sciences; 1111 Nutrition and Dietetics; 3202 Clinical sciences; 3210 Nutrition and dietetics; 4206 Public health
Subjects:	Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC1200 Sports Medicine
Divisions:	Sport and Exercise Sciences
Publisher:	MDPI
Date of acceptance:	20 March 2026
Date of first compliant Open Access:	26 March 2026
Date Deposited:	26 Mar 2026 09:22
Last Modified:	26 Mar 2026 09:22
DOI or ID number:	10.3390/nu18071033
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28294

View Item