Kruijssen, JMD, Pfeffer, JL, Chevance, M, Bonaca, A, Trujillo-Gomez, S, Bastian, N, Reina-Campos, M, Crain, RA and Hughes, ME (2020) Kraken reveals itself -- the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 498 (2). pp. 2472-2491. ISSN 0035-8711

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Abstract

Globular clusters (GCs) formed when the Milky Way experienced a phase of rapid assembly. We use the wealth of information contained in the Galactic GC population to quantify the properties of the satellite galaxies from which the Milky Way assembled. To achieve this, we train an artificial neural network on the E-MOSAICS cosmological simulations of the co-formation and co-evolution of GCs and their host galaxies. The network uses the ages, metallicities, and orbital properties of GCs that formed in the same progenitor galaxies to predict the stellar masses and accretion redshifts of these progenitors. We apply the network to Galactic GCs associated with five progenitors: {\it Gaia}-Enceladus, the Helmi streams, Sequoia, Sagittarius, and the recently discovered, `low-energy' GCs, which provide an excellent match to the predicted properties of the enigmatic galaxy `Kraken'. The five galaxies cover a narrow stellar mass range [$M_\star=(0.6{-}4.6)\times10^8~{\rm M}_\odot$], but have widely different accretion redshifts ($z_{\rm acc}=0.57{-}2.65$). All accretion events represent minor mergers, but Kraken likely represents the most major merger ever experienced by the Milky Way, with stellar and virial mass ratios of $r_{M_\star}=1$:$31^{+34}_{-16}$ and $r_{M_{\rm h}}=1$:$7^{+4}_{-2}$, respectively. The progenitors match the $z=0$ relation between GC number and halo virial mass, but have elevated specific frequencies, suggesting an evolution with redshift. Even though these progenitors likely were the Milky Way's most massive accretion events, they contributed a total mass of only $\log{(M_{\rm \star,tot}/{\rm M}_\odot)}=9.0\pm0.1$, similar to the stellar halo. This implies that the Milky Way grew its stellar mass mostly by in-situ star formation. We conclude by organising these accretion events into the most detailed reconstruction to date of the Milky Way's merger tree.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2020 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	astro-ph.GA; astro-ph.GA
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Astrophysics Research Institute
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
Related URLs:	http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01119v1
Date Deposited:	20 Apr 2021 10:15
Last Modified:	04 Sep 2021 07:37
DOI or ID number:	10.1093/mnras/staa2452
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/12564

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