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Eayrs, JO, Tobing, HS, Steendam, ST, Prutean, N, Notebaert, W, Wiersema, JR, Krebs, RM and Boehler, CN (2025) Reward and Efficacy Modulate the Rate of Anticipatory Pupil Dilation. Psychophysiology, 62 (1). ISSN 0048-5772
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Reward and Efficacy Modulate the Rate of Anticipatory Pupil Dilation.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (2MB) | Preview |
Abstract
Pupil size is a well-established marker of cognitive effort, with greater efforts leading to larger pupils. This is particularly true for pupil size during task performance, whereas findings on anticipatory effort triggered by a cue stimulus are less consistent. For example, a recent report by Frömer et al. found that in a cued-Stroop task, behavioral performance and electrophysiological markers of preparatory effort allocation were modulated by cued reward and ‘efficacy’ (the degree to which rewards depended on good performance), but pupil size did not show a comparable pattern. Here, we conceptually replicated this study, employing an alternative approach to the pupillometry analyses. In line with previous findings, we found no modulation of absolute pupil size in the cue-to-target interval. Instead, we observed a significant difference in the rate of pupil dilation in anticipation of the target: pupils dilated more rapidly for high-reward trials in which rewards depended on good performance. This was followed by a significant difference in absolute pupil size within the first hundreds of milliseconds following Stroop stimulus onset, likely reflecting a lagging effect of anticipatory effort allocation. Finally, the slope of pupil dilation was significantly correlated with behavioral response times, and this association was strongest for the high-reward, high-efficacy trials, further supporting that the rate of anticipatory pupil dilation reflects anticipatory effort. We conclude that pupil size is modulated by anticipatory effort, but in a highly temporally-specific manner, which is best reflected by the rate of dilation in the moments just prior to stimulus onset.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | efficacy; effort; preparatory control; pupillometry; reward; Pupil; Humans; Cues; Reward; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Adult; Female; Male; Young Adult; Stroop Test; Anticipation, Psychological; efficacy; effort; preparatory control; pupillometry; reward; Humans; Reward; Pupil; Male; Anticipation, Psychological; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Cues; Psychomotor Performance; Stroop Test; Reaction Time; 5202 Biological Psychology; 52 Psychology; Neurosciences; Clinical Research; Behavioral and Social Science; Brain Disorders; Humans; Reward; Pupil; Male; Anticipation, Psychological; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Cues; Psychomotor Performance; Stroop Test; Reaction Time; 06 Biological Sciences; 11 Medical and Health Sciences; 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences; Experimental Psychology; 31 Biological sciences; 32 Biomedical and clinical sciences; 52 Psychology |
| Subjects: | B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology |
| Divisions: | Psychology (from Sep 2019) |
| Publisher: | Wiley |
| SWORD Depositor: | A Symplectic |
| Date Deposited: | 10 Mar 2025 11:53 |
| Last Modified: | 10 Mar 2025 12:00 |
| DOI or ID number: | 10.1111/psyp.14761 |
| URI: | https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25832 |
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