Bayraktar, M, Sokukcu, M, Pamik, M and Yuksel, O (2025) Evaluating Ammonia as a Marine Fuel: Review and Illustration. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. pp. 1-25. ISSN 1420-2026

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Abstract

This paper aims to provide academia and industry stakeholders with a comprehensive evaluation of ammonia as a marine fuel, from the perspective of ship operators and the maritime sector. Political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) analysis has been performed to achieve this motivation. The factors and sub-factors of PESTLE analysis have been discussed, and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) has ranked their importance. The weights used in the TOPSIS method have been obtained from surveys conducted with 16 maritime experts with an average of 11.63 years of experience. Results demonstrated that the ammonia slip and increased NOx emissions have been detected as the most substantial aspect with the relative closeness coefficient at 0.784. The economic feasibility of ammonia systems has been considered more significant than their carbon-free nature, although the latter still held an important position in the overall assessment. Commercial readiness, agricultural impacts, and onboard storage requirements have been identified as surmountable challenges. Additionally, the ability to retrofit existing systems has been recognised as a significant technological advantage. Maritime safety culture has been emphasised as a means to effectively manage the toxicity and storage requirements of ammonia by implementing stringent safety measures in compliance with international regulations.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-025-10026-0
Uncontrolled Keywords:	41 Environmental Sciences; 48 Law and Legal Studies; 4104 Environmental Management; Ecology
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
Divisions:	Engineering
Publisher:	Springer
SWORD Depositor:	A Symplectic
Date Deposited:	25 Mar 2025 14:40
Last Modified:	25 Mar 2025 14:45
DOI or ID number:	10.1007/s10666-025-10026-0
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25997

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