Mechanical and Performance Characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt Modified with Phase Change Materials and Recycled Cigarette Filters

al-Mammori, ZA, Al-Janabi, IMK, Abbas, GH, Aziz, DH, Alaaraji, FH, Abbas, ES, AL-shimmery, BM, Hashim, TM ORCID: 0000-0001-9551-0326, Al-Jameel, GQ, Shubbar, A ORCID: 0000-0001-5609-1165 and Nasr, MS ORCID: 0000-0003-0866-8526 (2025) Mechanical and Performance Characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt Modified with Phase Change Materials and Recycled Cigarette Filters. CivilEng, 6 (3).

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Abstract

With rising global temperatures and increasing sustainability demands, the need for advanced pavement solutions has never been greater. This study breaks new ground by integrating phase change materials (PCMs), including paraffin-based wax (Rubitherm RT55), hydrated salt (Climator Salt S10), and fatty acid (lauric acid), as binder modifiers within warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures. Moving beyond the traditional focus on binder-only modifications, this research utilizes recycled cigarette filters (CFs) as a dual-purpose fiber additive, directly reinforcing the asphalt mixture while simultaneously transforming a major urban waste stream into valuable infrastructure. The performance of the developed WMA mixture has been evaluated in terms of stiffness behavior using an Indirect Tensile Strength Modulus (ITSM) test, permanent deformation using a static creep strain test, and rutting resistance using the Hamburg wheel-track test. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the incorporation of PCMs and recycled CFs into WMA mixtures led to remarkable improvements in stiffness, deformation resistance, and rutting performance. Modified mixes consistently outperformed the control, achieving up to 15% higher stiffness after 7 days of curing, 36% lower creep strain after 4000 s, and 64% reduction in rut depth at 20,000 passes. Cost–benefit analysis and service life prediction show that, despite costing USD 0.71 more per square meter with 5 cm thickness, the modified WMA mixture delivers much greater durability and rutting resistance, extending service life to 19–29 years compared to 10–15 years for the control. This highlights the value of these modifications for durable, sustainable pavements.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	4005 Civil engineering
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Divisions:	Civil Engineering and Built Environment
Publisher:	MDPI
Date of acceptance:	29 July 2025
Date of first compliant Open Access:	5 August 2025
Date Deposited:	05 Aug 2025 15:09
Last Modified:	05 Aug 2025 15:15
DOI or ID number:	10.3390/civileng6030041
URI:	https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26902

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